Transcript COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF METAPHOR IN MEDICAL AND …

Metaphor modeling in
different types of discourse:
comparative aspect
Svetlana Mishlanova,
Svetlana Polyakova,
Tatyana Utkina
Perm, Russia
Contents
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Introduction
Material and methods
Metaphor representations in different
discourse types
Metaphor scheme
Results of comparison
Conceptualization and categorization
of specialized knowledge
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not only traditional fields of LSP like
terminology and genre studies
but also specialized discourse and
different types of knowledge
Basic Notions
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Discourse
Concept
Concept representation
Metaphor
Metaphor model
Discourse
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Verbal activity in specialized field
(politics, law, medicine, economics etc.)
Concept
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mental unit
all types of knowledge (from naïve
ideas to scientific notions) produced in
discourse
multilevel hierarchical conceptual
structure correlating with particular
scientific history and/or development of
professional competence
Concept representation
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internal representation (frame, mental
mapping etc.)
external representation (verbal, graphic,
musical, other cultural codes)
Cognitive Theory of Metaphor
METAPHOR is a universal mental
mechanism that uses previously
acquired knowledge
Metaphor representation
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Conceptual metaphor
Language metaphor
(on the basis of verbal
data)
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Target / Source
(Lakoff)
Denotative descriptor /
Significative descriptor
(Baranov & Karaulov)
Conceptual metaphor: Target
FRAME
 Mental representation of Target
 Structure of concept (specialized
knowledge)
 Consists of slots (basic slots, subslots
etc.)
Conceptual metaphor: Source
METAPHOR MODEL
Mental representation of Source
Consists of
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Basic domains (H / N)
Basic metaphor models (HB / HA, AN / IN)
Taxons (Professional Activity, Politics and War, Culture etc.)
Subtaxons (Law, Army, Weapon etc.)
Terminal taxons (delinquency, fire-arms, cold steel etc.)
Metaphors (lymphocyte-killer, guilty allergen, shooting pain etc.)
Frame vs Metaphor Model
Target
(Frame)
Source
Metaphor Model
Concept
Metaphor Model
Frame vs Metaphor Model
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Concept is structured not as frame, it is
categorized in the “mirror of metaphor”
Хотя сама ММ – исходно наиболее
релевантный или освоенный
(частотный) фрагмент фрейма
Language metaphor:
Denotative descriptor
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The set of texts representing concept in
discourse
Definite topic and theme repertoire
Language metaphor:
Significative descriptor
Metaphor thesaurus
 The set of all metaphors obtained in
discourse connected by different
semantic relations (those of function,
cause, example etc.)
Metaphor scheme
 The set of basic metaphor models in
particular quantitative relation
Metaphor Scheme
Dividing into 4 basic metaphor models
 Human Being
 Animated Nature
 Unanimated Nature
 Human Activity
Two predominant metaphor models compose the
nucleus of the metaphor scheme; two less
representative metaphor models belong to its
peripheral part
Gives uniform treatment to the many different
metaphor models so that different types of discourse
can be contrasted and compared
Discourse typology
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Different types of concept representation
Different phases of speech production
(internal & external speech) (Vygotsky,
Leontyev)
Language competence & language
performance (Chomsky)
‘Language-competence’ & ‘language-text’
(Karaulov)*
* According to Ju. Karaulov
there are three forms of language representation:
‘language-system’, ‘language-text’ and ‘language-competence’
Hypothesis
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Metaphor modeling depends on the
type of concept representation
(respectively, on the discourse type)
i.e. there are different metaphor
schemes in different forms of language
representation (‘language-text’ and
‘language-competence’)
Aim
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To compare metaphor models in
different forms of language
representation (‘language-text’ and
‘language-competence’) in Russian,
English and German medical discourse
Design
Rus
Scientific
Text
Concept
MM
Ger
Eng
Popular
Associations
Rus
Eng
Rus
Eng
Material and Methods
Text analysis
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Scientific medical texts (R + G + E)
Popular medical texts (R + E)
Psycholinguistic study
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Associative field (R + E)
Text analysis
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3000 examples of metaphor chosen by the
method of entire selection from scientific
medical text of different genres (monographs,
scientific articles, conference proceedings,
clinical manuals etc.)
2800 examples of metaphor chosen by the
method of entire selection from popular
medical text (magazine and newspaper
articles concerning medical tasks, children
encyclopedia etc.)
Examples from the Russian
medical discourse
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Аминокислоты взаимодействуют с ионом цинка, а
расположенная между ними полипептидная цепочка
ВЫПЕТЛИВАЕТСЯ в виде «пальца...
В дальнейшем может появиться напряжение мышц
конечностей, прямых мышц живота, который становится
ТВЕРДЫМ, КАК ДОСКА
При тщательном рентгенологическом исследовании над
аспергиллемой можно обнаружить ВОЗДУШНЫЙ СЕРП
Вместо меченного антикроличьего гамма-глобулина
используют антикозий гамма-глобулин. Эта операция
применяется для проверки неспецифического связывания с
клетками меченых АТ, а также для контроля
неспецифических «СЭНДВИЧЕЙ» с немеченым
античеловеческим Ig
Examples from the English
medical discourse
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As the disease progresses, the mucosal contour gains a
granulated appearence, AS THOUGHT IT WERE COATED
WITH ICING SUGAR [
When the mucosa is undermined by the necrotic process, the
characteristic «SHIRT STUD» ULCERS become visible
Several diseases CAN MIMIC the clinical and endoscopic
appearance of Crohn's disease
Crohn's disease. Endoscopic findings: bizarre, «MAP-LIKE»
NECROSIS..., paving-stone pattern by alternation of necrosis...
The remission phase is characterised by the healing of the
ulcers. Frequently, MUCOSAL ISLANDS or prominent areas of
granulation tissue are visible...
Examples from the German
medical discourse
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Akutes Lungenödem. Das klinische Bild eindrucksvoll: schwerste
Atemnot mit lautem, weithin hörbarem Rasseln («LUNGE
KOCHT»)
Es handelt sich um die Entwicklung einer Perikardverschwielung
mit nachfolgender Kalkeinbildung, die durch bindgewebige
Organisation von Exudat in den Perikardblättern hervorgerufen
wird. Es entsteht das Bild des PANZERHERZENS
Kleine, «TAUTROPFENÄHNLICHE» KOLONIEN, Oxidasepositiv [
Im Röntgenbild findet sich eine diffuse oder lokalisierte
SCHLEIERIGE bis WOLKIGE TRÜBUNG der Lungenlappen …
Es werden geprueft: 1. Wandbeschaftenheit der Arterien. Bei
Arteriosklerose oft regides Gefässrohr («GÄNSEGURGEL»)
Metaphor Schemes of Medical
Discourse (%)
Discourse
Type
Human
Being
Animate
Nature
Inanimate
Nature
Haman
Activity
Russian
15
10
15
60
English
7
10
15
68
German
15
12
18
65
Examples from the Russian
popular discourse
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Гипофиз расположен в основании черепа. Он очень маленький – не
больше обыкновенного наперстка. Но это – главная железа
нашего организма: она управляет работой всех других желез
К заболеванию некоторые привыкают, как к старому
надоевшему мужу, которого и бросить жалко, и терпеть
невозможно…
Во время болезни вирусы и микробы нарушают работу ресничек,
воспаленная слизистая начинает усиленно выделять слизь, чтобы
защититься от непрошеных гостей
Высохшая капля выглядит экзотически: в виде тонкой паутины,
тропического цветка, кружевного листа папоротника…И по
этой картине можно определить, болен ли человек
На кардиограмме уже сформировалась картинка явного инфаркта
миокарда. Картинка эта представляет из себя как бы силуэт
сидящей кошки: вверху торчит ушко, а затем идет выгнутая
спинка. И эта «кошка» смертельно опасна для сердца
Examples from the English
popular discourse
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In a final flurry of activity, a last wave of cytokines is released
Of course the granddaddy of all anti-inflammatories is aspirin, and
millions of Americans already take it to prevent heart attacks
The very last part of the brain to be pruned and shaped to its adult
dimensions is the prefrontal cortex, home of the so-called executive
functions – planning , setting priorities, organizing thoughts,
suppressing impulses, weighing the consequences of one's actions
Your health is a partnership between you and your physician
By the time symptoms like shortness of breath appear, the illness has
usually been progressing for a decade or two. "It's like the brakes on
a car," says Dr. Michael Stulbarg, chief of clinical pulmonary medicine
at the University of California, San Francisco, Medical Center. "You don't
realize the damage they're enduring in normal use, and then at some
point they just go out on you"
Metaphor Scheme of popular
discourse (%)
Discourse
Type
Human
Being
Animate
Nature
Inanimate
Nature
Human
Activity
Russian
20
7
9
64
English
20
3
9
68
Psycholinguistic study
Complete the statement:
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The DISEASE is like ....., because ..... .
72 Russians (adults)
92 Americans (adults)
Examples in the Russian groups
1.HUMAN BIOLOGY: “an old man”, “Depression” “Horrible dream”, “Death”
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“Devastation of heart brings disease and death”,
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“it is black, ugly and it hurts” or “being frightened”.
2. HUMAN SOCIO: “A doctor”, “An old woman (“a witch”), “A broken Mechanism”
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“it is like study because you don’t pay much attention to it, but eventually you
feel bad”
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“after each disease there’s recovery, as every fair tale ends well”
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“Feeble old man makes us feel pity for him”
3. NATURE INANIMATE: “A Rainy day”, “ A thunder cloud”
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“Water-it runs through your fingers”
4. NATURE ANIMATE: “Mosquito”, “A poisonous snake”, “An old broken tree” or
“Rotten stuff” and “mould”:
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“It steadily and secretly destroys the body without our noticing”
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“If the action is not taken on time it will spread and grow further”
Examples in the American groups
1. The Model HUMAN BIOLOGY “Heart attacks”, “Diabities”, “ Being Fat”,
“ Non-Active and Overweight”, “Being Old, “Bad sleep”, “Bad Face
Color”, etc.
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“Being tired and overweight because is not natural or normal”, “Y’re
feeling down and sick”, “you don’t move” etc.
2. The model HUMAN as A SOCIAL Being:
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“Macdonald staff … because when you eat it you poison your self and
get sick”
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“An Unwelcomed Tutor” and “ game of dodge”, “a broken doll” etc.
3. NATURE INANIMATE:“A Shitty Day” (it’ll pass) and “a Thunder” and
“Snow”
“ DISEASE (Illness) is like hitting a wall at the end of the hill and being
broken into pieces because you picked up so much dirt on the way and
you cannot get it together once you are broken up".
4. NATURE ANIMATE
_______________
Metaphor Scheme of associative
fields (%)
Discourse
Type
Human
Being
Animate
Nature
Inanimate
Nature
Human
Activity
Russian
34
28
20
20
56
5
11
28
English
Metaphor Schemes in different
discourse types
Discourse
Type
Scientific
Popular
Associative
Human
Being
Animate
Nature
Inanimate
Nature
Human
Activity
Metaphor Scheme Trends
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There is a direct dependence on the
type of discourse which is shown as a
shift of the metaphor scheme nucleus
to the right (from associations to
scientific medical discourse)
Metaphor Scheme in Scientific
Discourse: Comparison
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Russian
German
English
Human
Being
Animate
Nature
Inanimate
Nature
Human
Activity
Metaphor Scheme in Popular
Discourse: Comparison
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Russian
English
Human
Being
Animate
Nature
Inanimate
nature
Human
Activity
Metaphor Scheme in Associative
Fields: Comparison
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Am ericans
Russians
Hum an
Being
Anim ate
Nature
Inanim ate
Nature
Hum an
Activity
Conclusions
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External representations of the concept
depend on the level of professional
competence (respectively, type of knowledge)
in medical discourse
Cultural features have proved to influence
insignificantly on the text representations, but
there are some differences in associative
fields in medical discourse
Why do we study medical
discourse?
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a new patient-centered paradigm in medicine
a new social policy in Russia
the idea of personal responsibility for one’s
own health
to achieve compliance in doctor-patient
communication, to make medical
management more effective, to improve our
life quality
18th
European Symposium
on Language for Special Purposes
22-26 August 2011
Perm State University
Russia
Special Language and Innovation in a Multilingual World
Conference tracks:
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Innovational Technologies in Professional Communication
Multilingualism and LSP
Translation and LSP
Cognitive aspects of special languages
Professional competence and LSP
Innovation in LSP training
Terminology and Terminography
Linguistic features of special discourse
[email protected]
Perm State University
(1916)