Transcript CABLE Child and Adolescent Behaviors in Long

CABLE
Child and Adolescent Behaviors
in Long-term Evolution:
A School-Based Healthy Lifestyle Study
PI：Lee-Lan Yen (李 蘭)
Szu-Hsien T. Lee (李思賢)
Likwang Chen (陳麗光)
Chuhsing K. Hsiao (蕭朱杏)
Ling-Yen Pan (潘怜燕)
CABLE Research Team
Outline
Background & Study Design
Previous Work Accomplished
Proposal of Year 2004
Significance of CABLE Project
Future Directions
Background
&
Study Design
Background
Childhood is an important developmental
stage.
Early and successful interventions can
improve children’s health behaviors and
health status.
A lifestyle based study following the
development of children and their health
related behaviors has never previously
been conducted in Taiwan.
Specific Aims of CABLE Project
To understand the status and types of health
lifestyle among the selected metropolitan and
rural students in Taiwan.
To investigate their developments and changes of
health lifestyle over time.
To explore the factors on determinants of
student’s healthy/unhealthy lifestyle.
To analyze the relationship between health
lifestyle and health status among the selected
students.
To conduct interventions to promote students’
health.
Study Design (1)
Cross-sectional
Longitudinal
Individual
Family/Group
Community/Society
Changeability
Study Design (2)
Observational Follow-up
-- Yearly Survey
Interventions
2001
2005
2006
2010
Study Design (3)
Observational Follow-up
Year Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 Grade 4 Grade 5 Grade 6 Grade 7 Grade 8 Grade 9
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
A1 B1
C1 D1
A2 B2
C2 D2
A3 B3
C3 D3
A4 B4
C4 D4
A5 B5
C5 D5
A6 B6
A1-A6: The 1st cohort of 2001-2005 in Taipei City
B1-B6: The 1st cohort of 2001-2005 in Hsinchu County
C1-C6: The 2nd cohort of 2001-2005 in Taipei City
D1-D6: The 2nd cohort of 2001-2005 in Hsinchu County
C6 D6
Sampling Design
Hsinchu
Taipei
Large
1
1
Middle
2
2
Small
6
6
Participants of each grade
400x3
400x3
Total participants
1200x2
1200x2
Students and their parents are also our study participants
Study Framework
~ Cross-sectional survey ~
Intrapersonal
Factors
Interpersonal
Factors
Organizational
Factors
Health
Lifestyle
Health
Status
Study Framework
~ Longitudinal Follow-up ~
Independent Variables
1.Children & Parental Factors (demographics, health history,
personal characteristics, etc.)
2.Family Factors (family structure, SES, etc.)
3.School & Community Factors (size, resources, etc.)
4.Other Factors (survey time, study area, etc.)
Intermediate Variables
Dependent Variables
Intrapersonal Factors
Health Lifestyle
Time 1
Time i
Time 1
Time i
Interpersonal Factors
Time 1
Time i
Health Status
Time 1
Organizational Factors
Time 1
Time i
Time i
Data Collection
School Records
Questionnaires
Intrapersonal
Factors
Interpersonal
Factors
Health
Lifestyle
Health
Status
Organizational
Factors
School & Community
Profiles
Health Records
Instruments
Questionnaires for children
Questionnaires for parents
Children’s school records
Children’s health records
School resources profile
Procedures of Field Survey
Contact schools
Field Survey
-- Children
-- Parents
Informed
consents
student
name lists
Interviewer
training
Study Subjects in 2001
First grade
Fourth grade
Taipei
HsinChu
Sub-total
Taipei
HsinChu
Sub-total
33652
7072
40764
35242
6864
42106
Sample selected (n)
1950
1634
3584
1842
1770
3612
Sample participated (n)
1314
941
2255
1108
1010
2118
66.5%
56.4%
61.9%
59.1%
55.7%
57.4%
1297
921
2218
1089
986
2075
Children’s fathers
991
736
1727
867
837
1704
Children’s mothers
1167
796
1963
1007
881
1888
Children
98.7%
97.9%
98.4%
98.3%
97.6%
98.0%
Children’s fathers
76.4%
79.9%
77.9%
79.6%
84.9%
82.1%
Children’s mothers
90.0%
86.4%
88.5%
92.5%
89.4%
91.0%
Population (n)
Participation rate (%)
Sample completed (n)
Children
Completion rate (%)
Study Subjects in 2002
Second grade
Fifth grade
Taipei
HsinChu
Sub-total
Taipei
HsinChu
Sub-total
Sample selected (n)
1947
1633
3580
1864
1651
3515
Sample participated (n)
1582
1189
2771
1396
1145
2541
81.3%
72.8%
77.4%
74.9%
69.4%
72.3%
Children
1556
1174
2730
1364
1135
2510
Children’s fathers
1300
993
2293
1102
974
2076
Children’s mothers
1442
1050
2492
1234
1022
2255
Children
98.4%
98.7%
98.5%
97.7%
99.1%
98.8%
Children’s fathers
82.2%
83.5%
82.7%
78.9%
85.1%
81.7%
Children’s mothers
91.2%
88.3%
89.9%
88.4%
89.3%
88.7%
Participation rate (%)
Sample completed (n)
Completion rate (%)
Children Followed in 2002
First grade in 2001
Fourth grade in 2001
Taipei
HsinChu
Sub-total
Taipei
HsinChu
Sub-total
n
1215
870
2085
1003
873
1876
%
93.7
94.5
94.0
92.1
88.5
90.4
Data Management
Coding, key in, and checking data
Creating different data files
Statistical analysis for specific
purposes
Previous Work Accomplished
Data collection & management
Paper writing & publishing
Results dissemination
Professional training
Data collection & management
CABLE 2001 & 2002 surveys were conducted
Students’ academic & health records were
collected
School profiles were collected
Various data files were created & analyzed
The third wave survey will be conducted at
the end of 2003
Paper Writing & Publishing
Conference papers
International Conference on Adolescent Health;
Annual Meeting of Taiwan Public Health
Association; 130th APHA Annual Meeting, etc.
Journal articles
Published in IUHPE-Promotion and Education
Target journals: Journal of School Health,
Preventive Medicine, Taiwan Journal of Public
Health, Medical Education, etc.
General articles
Results Dissemination
Annual reports
CABLE 2001 has been published
CABLE 2002 is under preparation
CABLE conference
Held in August, 2002
Target audiences:
Principles and teachers from study schools
Officers from health and education departments
Researchers and graduate students from academic
institutes
Professional Training
Master
2001
2002
2003
Doctor
Proposal
of
CABLE 2004
SPECIFIC AIMS
~ quantitative study~
To keep abreast of the trends of children’s
health behaviors and health status.
To explore factors associated with the
trends of children’s health behaviors and
health status.
To improve existing statistical models or
develop new statistical models for trend
analysis and multilevel analysis.
SPECIFIC AIMS
~ qualitative study ~
To explore the formation and determinants
of children’s concepts, values, and behaviors
related to cigarette smoking.
To investigate the children’s cognition,
perception, attribution, and resolution of
parents’ marital conflicts, and their impact
on child adjustment.
To explore how parents’ expectations
toward achievements affect children’s
psychological well-being and suicidal ideation.
METHODS - 1
A follow-up survey using same
instruments (with some modification)
will be implemented among four
student cohorts with their parents.
Fourth graders: Following previous
protocol to collect data.
Seventh graders: Mail or field survey
will be used to collect data.
Mail survey
The students’ permanent addresses will be collect and
verify in June, 2004, before they graduate from the
elementary schools.
A set of questionnaires and a stamped addressed
return envelope will be mailed to the subjects in
October, 2004.
After two weeks, a reminding postcard will be sent to
those who have not returned the questionnaires.
Following another two weeks, the whole set of
questionnaires will be sent out again to the nonrespondents.
METHODS - 2
A series of focus group
discussions will be conducted
to collect qualitative data
among the fourth graders and
their parents.
Topics will be discussed
in focus groups
A. The formation and determinants of cigarette
smoking among the students
B. Marital conflict, attribution and conflict
resolution among the students
C. The relationship between Parental expectation
and children’s performance and happiness.
Participants of Focus Groups
~ students ~
Each school from Taipei City and Hsin-Chu County,
separate from CABLE schools, will be purposively
selected to avoid contaminating the natural
observation of existing CABLE cohorts.
– Three classes of fourth graders will be
randomly selected.
– In each class, students will be randomly
assigned into three groups.
– Each group will be randomly assigned to a
research topic.
Participants of Focus Groups
~ Parents and Teachers ~
Parents:
– Invitation letters will be sent out.
– The volunteers will be randomly assigned to 6
groups. (3 groups for topic a and 3 groups for
topic c)
Teachers:
– 10 teachers in each schools, who are in
charge of teaching fourth graders, will be
invited to attend the focus group interviews
for topic a.
Significance
Of
CABLE Project
Significance (1)
To establish a model for long-term study
in the field of health behavioral sciences.
To help the development of theories
related to health behaviors.
To systematically describe the patterns
of behavioral developments and changes
in childhood and adolescence.
To identify the factors influencing
children’s and adolescents’ lifestyles.
Significance (2)
To Build up longitudinal datasets and open to
public use.
To provide our government the research
results as references for making health
policies for children and adolescents.
To strengthen the research abilities and
experiences of research teams.
To establish a cooperative relationship
between the universities and the NHRI.
Future Directions
Future Directions
To continue following the development and
changes of children’s health and behaviors.
To intensively investigate the impact of
behavioral, psychological and social factors
on health using qualitative methodology.
To conduct a series of interventional
experiments in order to develop school
health promotion models.
To empower the faculty and staff of study
schools.
CABLE Research Team
Division of Health Policy Research,
National Health Research Institutes
Institute of Health Policy and Management,
College of Public Health, National Taiwan University
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences,
National Defense Medical Center, National Defense University
~Thank You~
Thank You!
(1) Distribution of Health
Behaviors in 2001
Lee-Lan Yen, Likwang Chen, Szu-Hsien
Lee, Chuhsing Hsiao, Ling-Yen Pan
Behaviors Positive to Health
65-90% of both first and fourth
graders.
walking, seatbelt, helmet, washing hands,
brushing teeth, breakfast, fruit and
vegetables and drinking water.
Exercise (apart from school physical
education classes) was relatively
lower, at about 55 to 65%.
Behaviors Negative to Health
Unhealthy behaviors reported by
more than 50% of subjects
First graders: staying up late, eating
fast food, watching TV, and eating late
at night.
Fourth graders: staying up late, eating
food late at night, watching TV, eating
fast food, using vulgar language, getting
into fights, and suppressing urination.
Conclusion
The proportion of students with positive
behaviors was less than ideal.
The proportion of children displaying
negative behaviors was by no means low.
Despite variations in health behaviors
according to sex, area and grade, the
results demonstrate that all students need
to establish healthier lifestyles.
(2) Family Interaction and
Children’s Mental Health
Ling-Yen Pan, Lee-Lan Yen,
Wen-Chi Wu, Yi-Chen Chiang
Objectives
To understand family interaction patterns
in fourth graders’ families.
To examine the relationship between
family interaction and the mental health
status of these children (including
depression, social loneliness, and social
anxiety).
Methods
1959 fourth graders from 18 primary
schools participating in the 2001
survey.
1008 male；951 female
1037 from Taipei City；922 from
HsinChu County
Conclusion
In regards to family support, functional
support is more common.
Majority of parents still use traditional
methods such as scolding to punish their
child.
Family activities and family support were
negatively related to negative mental
health status.
The causal relationship between family
interaction and children’s mental health
needs to be clarified.
(3) The Relationship
between Parents’ and
Children’s Health Behaviors
Likwang Chen, Lee-Lan Yen,
Ya-Ling Chiu, Chen-Lin Yeh, Wei-Chih Yang
Objectives
The links between parents and children in
some behaviors that play a significant role
in obesity, injury, and oral and visual health.
Differences between paternal and maternal
modeling effects.
Differences in parental modeling effects
between the first and fourth grades.
Methods
Types of health behaviors investigated
Dietary habits(4)
Physical activity(1)
Behaviors related to injuries(2)
Behaviors related to oral health(2)
Behaviors related to visual health(1)
Statistical model: the logit model
Conclusion (1)
The existence of parental modeling
effects on some child health behaviors,
such as eating breakfast, drinking water,
eating late at night, protective practice
for traffic injuries, oral hygiene
practice, dental care utilization and
some pattern of watching television.
No evidence for supporting the
existence of parental modeling effects
on fruit and vegetable consumption,
physical activity, and violent behavior.
Conclusion (2)
No substantial statistical evidence for
supporting the point that maternal
modeling effects are stronger than
paternal modeling effects.
No substantial statistical evidence for
supporting the point that parental
modeling effects are stronger in the
fourth grade than in the first grade.
(4) The Association of Child
Behavioral Problems and
Maternal Psychiatric
Disturbance
Szu-Hsien Lee, Lee-Lan Yen, Li-Ting Chen
Objective
Intended to examine the relationship
between psychopathology in mothers,
inter-parental conflict and children’s
internalizing and externalizing
behavioral problems
Methods
2,218 first graders and 2,075 fourth graders
Dependent variables
Externalizing behavioral problems
Conduct behavior and Substance use
Internalizing behavioral problems
Depression, Social anxiety, and Social loneliness
Independent variables
Demographics
Inter-parental conflict
Maternal psychiatric status
Conclusion
Higher inter-parental conflict was associated
with more internalizing and externalizing
problems for both grades.
Fourth-grade girls were more likely to have
internalizing problems than boys, but boys were
more likely than girls to have externalizing
problems.
Maternal psychiatric disturbance was not
significantly predictive for internalizing and
externalizing problem behaviors.
The findings suggest that psychopathology in
mothers may have no influence on behavioral
development of a regular child.
(5) The Differences in Children’s
Health Behaviors between
2001 and 2002
The rates of performing positive behaviors
among children in Taipei city, 2001 & 2002
Taipei City
Girl
Boy
Behavior
a
Walking carefully
Wearing a seatbelt
Wearing a motorcycle helmet
Washing hands before eating
Brushing teeth before sleeping
Eating breakfast
Eating fruit and vegetables
Drinking water
Doing exercise
b
c
d
χ
2
a
b
c
d
Total
χ
2
a
b
c
d
χ
2
75.0 6.8 14.9 3.3
*** 77.2 4.8 15.3 2.7
*** 76.1 5.8 15.1 3.0
***
69.3 8.1 18.8 3.8
*** 74.7 5.8 2.9 16.6 *** 72.0 7.00 17.7 3.3
***
70.9 11.7 10.6 6.8
--
69.2 12.5 11.1 7.2
--
70.1 12.0 10.9 7.0
--
56.4 14.5 16.8 12.3
--
66.4 10.9 14.1 8.6
--
61.3 12.7 15.5 10.5
--
70.8 9.1 9.5 10.6
--
79.0 7.9 8.0 5.1
--
74.8 8.5 8.8 7.9
--
84.7 5.2 8.3 1.8
*
85.4 4.8 7.7 2.1
*
85.1 5.0 8.0 1.9
**
61.4 16.5 15.4 6.7
--
64.4 14.0 14.1 7.5
--
62.9 15.3 14.8 7.0
--
73.4 10.8 12.1 3.7
--
76.0 7.4 12.5 4.1
**
74.7 9.1 12.3 3.9
*
41.2 19.8 18.8 20.2
--
39.7 21.7 18.8 19.8
--
40.4 20.7 18.8 20.1
--
a: high performance in 2001→high performance in 2002
b: high performance in 2001→low performance in 2002
c: low performance in 2001→high performance in 2002
d: low performance in 2001→low performance in 2002
The rates of performing positive behaviors
among children in Hsinchu country, 2001 & 2002
Behavior
a
Walking carefully
Wearing a seatbelt
Wearing a motorcycle helmet
Washing hands before eating
Brushing teeth before sleeping
Eating breakfast
Eating fruit and vegetables
Drinking water
Doing exercise
Boy
b c d χ
2
Hsinchu County
Girl
a b c d χ
2
a
Total
b c d χ
2
72.5 8.3 16.0 3.2
** 76.9 6.1 14.6 2.4
*** 74.6 7.3 15.3 2.8
***
62.1 11.6 20.2 6.1
** 69.6 8.4 19.1 2.9
*** 65.7 10.0 19.7 4.6
***
53.1 19.4 12.9 14.6
*
47.8 20.7 17.6 13.9
--
50.6 20.0 15.1 14.3
*
55.0 17.4 17.0 10.6
--
62.5 16.7 12.6 8.2
--
58.6 17.1 14.8 9.5
--
61.8 17.7 10.7 9.8
** 66.6 11.5 11.8 10.1
--
64.2 14.7 11.2 9.9
*
76.9 7.9 12.7 2.5
*
80.3 7.0 10.8 1.9
--
78.5 7.5 11.8 2.2
**
47.0 20.5 16.4 16.1
--
52.5 20.2 17.6 9.7
--
49.7 20.4 16.9 13.0
--
60.3 17.1 16.2 6.4
--
64.3 14.1 13.9 7.7
--
62.3 15.6 15.1 7.0
--
39.9 19.9 19.2 21.0
--
40.7 23.4 20.0 15.9
--
40.3 21.6 19.6 18.5
--
a: high performance in 2001→high performance in 2002
b: high performance in 2001→low performance in 2002
c: low performance in 2001→high performance in 2002
d: low performance in 2001→low performance in 2002
The rates of performing negative behaviors
among children in Taipei city, 2001 & 2002
Boy
a
b
c
d
Staying up late
47.7 17.8 24.9 9.6
Eating late at night
43.5 17.6 21.5 17.4
Eating fast food
44.8 22.3 17.0 15.9
Playing computer games >2hrs 19.7 30.2 14.7 35.4
Watching TV >2hrs
35.4 26.8 15.1 22.7
Using vulgar language
23.6 13.9 20.9 41.6
Breaking things when angry
8.1 17.8 13.4 60.7
Getting into fights
21.0 19.6 19.4 40.0
Causing damage public property 2.1 6.4 6.1 85.4
Stealing
1.5 11.7 7.4 79.4
Smoking
2.3 4.8 3.1 89.8
Drinking alcohol
19.8 11.4 17.4 51.4
Suicidal ideation
6.8 7.9 12.9 72.4
Behavior
2
χ
**
-*
***
***
**
---*
-**
**
Taipei City
Girl
a
b
c
d
45.4 20.5 19.4 14.7
35.0 22.4 20.2 22.4
33.7 25.9 17.4 23.0
7.2 23.5 11.7 57.6
26.1 24.6 14.4 34.9
11.4 11.4 16.4 60.8
4.0 10.0 9.6 76.4
11.9 13.3 11.0 63.8
0.2 3.2 2.9 93.7
0.9 11.1 3.8 84.3
0.7 4.4 1.2 93.7
11.4 9.3 12.6 66.7
3.7 4.1 12.4 79.8
2
χ
--**
***
***
*
---***
**
-***
Total
a
b
c
d
46.6 19.1 22.2 12.1
39.4 19.9 20.8 19.9
39.4 24.1 17.2 19.3
13.6 26.9 13.2 46.3
30.8 25.7 14.8 28.7
17.7 12.7 18.7 50.9
6.1 14.0 11.5 68.4
16.6 16.5 15.3 51.6
1.2 4.9 4.5 89.4
1.2 11.4 5.6 81.8
1.5 4.6 2.2 91.7
15.7 10.4 15.0 58.9
5.3 6.0 12.7 76.0
a: high performance in 2001→high performance in 2002
b: high performance in 2001→low performance in 2002
c: low performance in 2001→high performance in 2002
d: low performance in 2001→low performance in 2002
χ2
--**
***
***
**
---***
**
**
***
The rates of performing negative behaviors
among children in Hsinchu country, 2001 & 2002
Behavior
a
Staying up late
Eating late at night
Eating fast food
Playing computer games >2hrs games >2hrs
Watching TV >2hrs
Using vulgar language
Breaking things when angry
Getting into fights
Causing damage public property
Stealing
Smoking
Drinking alcohol
Suicidal ideation
Boy
b c d χ
2
Hsinchu County
Girl
a b c d χ
2
a
Total
b c d χ
2
42.5 21.8 21.4 14.3
--
38.4 28.2 17.3 16.1
**
40.5 24.9 19.4 15.2
*
35.8 23.1 24.1 17.0
--
33.3 19.1 22.2 25.4
--
34.6 21.2 23.1 21.1
--
33.6 28.4 18.2 19.8
**
24.6 28.7 17.0 29.7 *** 29.2 28.6 17.6 24.6 ***
26.4 31.6 15.6 26.4 *** 10.1 27.7 8.8 53.4 *** 18.5 29.7 12.3 39.5 ***
41.3 23.3 19.2 16.2
--
33.1 30.5 15.6 20.8 *** 37.3 26.7 17.5 18.5 ***
16.6 14.7 20.2 48.5
--
9.1 12.3 18.1 60.5
*
13.0 13.5 19.2 54.3
**
6.6 12.6 16.2 64.6
--
3.1 10.9 9.7 76.3
--
4.9 11.8 13.0 70.3
--
18.0 14.1 23.5 44.4
**
11.5 12.5 18.7 57.3
*
14.8 13.3 21.2 50.7 ***
3.2 7.0 9.4 80.4
--
0.5 5.7 3.6 90.2
--
1.9 6.4 6.6 85.1
--
2.5 9.9 8.1 79.5
--
1.7 9.8 4.8 83.7
**
2.1 9.9 6.5 81.5
*
6.8 9.3 6.5 77.4
--
0.0 5.5 2.6 91.9
*
3.5 7.4 4.7 84.4
*
24.3 13.7 17.6 44.4
--
12.0 11.7 11.0 65.3
--
18.3 12.8 14.4 54.5
--
4.5 8.5 8.3 78.7
--
3.4 6.9 6.5 83.2
--
3.9 7.8 7.4 80.9
--
a: high performance in 2001→high performance in 2002
b: high performance in 2001→low performance in 2002
c: low performance in 2001→high performance in 2002
d: low performance in 2001→low performance in 2002
Incidence rates of children
(the 1st graders in 2001)
who performed positive behaviors in 2002
Taipei City
Behavior
Hsinchu County
Sub- Total
total
Boy
Girl
Subtotal
Walking carefully
7.73
5.47
6.62
10.96 9.69
10.37 8.01
Wearing a seatbelt
8.81
6.32
7.73
4.79
5.71
Wearing a motorcycle helmet 6.14
7.85
6.84
10.19 13.52 11.90 9.34
Washing hands before eating 7.66
4.80
6.42
8.60
4.69
6.63
6.52
Brushing teeth before sleeping 5.16
3.03
4.13
8.78
7.01
7.86
5.54
Eating breakfast
3.59
2.70
3.19
8.36
4.74
6.51
4.46
Eating fruit and vegetables
5.38
4.46
5.01
11.39 6.43
8.93
6.49
Drinking water
5.13
3.23
4.25
6.45
5.81
4.79
Doing exercise
12.92 11.45 12.12 18.08 13.22 15.64 13.51
Boy
Girl
6.76
5.20
6.81
Incidence rates of children
(the 1st graders in 2001)
who performed negative behaviors in 2002
Taipei City
Behavior
Boy
Girl
Subtotal
Hsinchu County
Boy
Girl
Sub- Total
total
Staying up late
23.94 19.02 21.79 21.02 18.02 19.52 20.53
Eating late at night
20.59 21.23 20.73 24.28 22.53 23.42 21.66
Eating fast food
16.43 17.32 16.62 18.58 17.11 17.89 16.98
Playing computer games > 2hrs 14.19 10.97 12.62 15.93 9.52
12.78 12.39
Watching TV >2hrs
15.48 13.53 14.56 18.77 16.09 17.43 15.60
Using vulgar language
20.76 17.33 19.13 21.28 17.61 19.34 18.86
Breaking things when angry
12.68 9.18
Getting into fights
19.34 10.42 15.09 24.18 18.65 21.32 17.51
10.99 16.45 9.63
13.08 11.75
Causing damage public property 6.22
2.76
4.53
10.21 3.97
7.09
5.47
Stealing
7.50
2.79
5.33
8.48
4.52
6.46
5.72
Smoking
3.03
1.31
2.19
6.40
2.71
4.54
3.14
Drinking alcohol
17.31 12.87 15.11 16.49 10.14 13.35 14.52
Suicidal ideation
12.59 11.91 12.17 9.29
5.91
7.53
10.20
Research Topics Going On~
Lee-Lan Yen: A comparison of health behavioral
performance between 2001 and 2002.
Likwang Chen: Parents’ and children’s health behaviors –
Exploration of parental influences over elementary school
children’s developmental stages.
Tony Szu-Hsien Lee: Locus of control, social anxiety and
social loneliness in forth grade children .
Ling-Yen Pan: Family interaction and children’s deviant
behaviors.
Wen-Chi Wu: Comparison of characteristics between
follow-up and new participants in a longitudinal study – Are
they different?
Master Theses
Ju-Yu Chen（陳如毓）：The Relationship between Children’s
Unhealthy Behaviors and Parents’ Unhealthy Behaviors.
Yi-Chen Chiang（江宜珍）：Factors related to suicide ideation among
elementary school students.
Chi-Chen Wu（吳其臻）：The Association of Family Conflict,
Interpersonal Coping, and Psychosocial Distress among Children .
Fang-Mei Lin（林芳美）：The Relationship between Children's Eating
Behaviors and Parental Eating Paterns.
Ching-Ju Chiu（邱靜如）：A Typology of the 4th Graders’ Health
Behaviors.
Li-Ting Chen（陳俐婷）：The Relationship between Parental Conflict,
Parenting Behaviors, and Children Internalizing Behaviors.
(M1) The Relationship of
Unhealthy Behaviors in Grade
Four Children and their
Parents
Master: Ju-Yu Chen
Advisor: Lee-Lan Yen
Major Findings
The most prevalent health-risk behaviors of
children are staying up late, eating in the late
night, and eating fast food. The prevalence
rates are 82.8%, 69.2% and 64.6%, respectively.
Health-risk behaviors can be categorized into
four factors: unhealthy lifestyle, antisocial
behaviors, substance use, and intake of high
calorie food.
(M2) Factors Related to
Suicide Ideation among
Elementary School Students
Master: Yi-Chen Chiang
Advisor: Shiao-Chi Wu
Lee-Lan Yen
Major Findings
The prevalence rates of “having suicide ideation in the past” and
“having had suicide ideation over the past month” among fourth
graders were 19.77% and 8.39%, respectively.
Findings from the structure equation model showed that the factors
which increase the likelihood of “having suicide ideation in the past”
through the function of depression or social loneliness were “girls”,
“ using substance”, “often punished by parents”, “having older
mother,” and “having less family support.”
Factors that were indirectly related to the emergence of suicide
ideation over the past month through the function of depression or
social loneliness were “residence in Taipei City,” “using substance,”
“violence-oriented,” and “having less family support.”
(M3) The Association of
Family Conflict, Interpersonal
Coping and Psychosocial
Distress among Children
Master: Chi-Chen Wu
Advisor: Tony Szu-Hsien Lee
Lee-Lan Yen
Major Findings
Family conflict, gender, parental support,
discipline, number of friends, and peer
relationship were significant predictors of social
anxiety and social loneliness.
With respect to social loneliness, there were
direct and indirect influences of family conflict
and coping. Only direct effects of family conflict
were found in terms of children’s social anxiety.
(M4) The Relationship between
Children's Eating Behaviors and
Parental Eating Patterns
Master: Fang-Mei Lin
Advisor: Lee-Lan Yen
Major Findings
The most frequent matching type of eating
behaviors in eating breakfast and eating fruit
and vegetables is “father high vs. mother high”.
The most frequent matching type in eating in late
night and eating fast food is “father low vs.
mother low”.
The relationship between school children’s eating
behaviors and matching types of their parental
eating behaviors is significant in eating breakfast,
eating in late night, and eating fast food.
(M5) A Typology of the 4th
Graders’ Health Behaviors
Master: Ching-Ju Chiu
Advisor: Lee-Lan Yen
Major Findings
The children’s health behaviors can be
categorized into five factors, which were named
“positive health behavior”, ”deviant health
behavior”, “substance use behavior”, “violent
inclination behavior”, and “health indulgent
behavior”.
Based on the factor scores, the subjects were
clustered into four groups, and they were named
as “healthy type”(48%), “indulgent type”(32.9%),
“violent type”(17.8%), and “ deviant type”(1.3%).
(M6) The Relationship between
Parental Conflict, Parenting
Behaviors and Children
Internalizing Behaviors
Master: Li-Ting Chen
Advisor: Ruey-Ling Chu
Tony Szu-Hsien Lee
Major Findings
In general parental conflict group:
Parental conflict has indirect effect on child
internalizing behaviors through severe punishment.
Parental conflict has no influence on supportive
parenting behavior, but supportive parenting behaviors
and severe punishment have protective effect on
parental conflict and child internalizing behaviors.
In severe parental conflict group:
Parental conflict affect child internalizing behaviors
directly and strongly.
Parental conflict affect supportive parenting behaviors,
but supportive parenting behaviors have no protecting
effect on parental conflict and severe punishment.