Transcript Analysis of Variance - LISA (Laboratory for

T-TESTS AND
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
Jennifer Kensler
Laboratory for Interdisciplinary Statistical Analysis
Virginia Tech’s source for expert statistical analysis since 1948
www.lisa.stat.vt.edu
Collaboration:
Personalized statistical advice
Great advice right now:
Meet with LISA before
collecting your data
Short Courses:
Designed to help
graduate students apply
statistics in their research
Walk-In Consulting:
Monday—Friday* 12-2PM
for questions <30 minutes
* Mon—Thurs in summer
* We help with research—not
class projects or homework
Laboratory for Interdisciplinary Statistical Analysis
Virginia Tech’s source for expert statistical analysis since 1948
www.lisa.stat.vt.edu
Collaboration:
Personalized statistical advice
Great advice right now:
Meet with LISA before
collecting your data
Short Courses:
Designed to help
graduate students apply
statistics in their research
Walk-In Consulting:
Monday—Friday* 12-2PM
for questions <30 minutes
* Mon—Thurs in summer
* We help with research—not
class projects or homework
T-TESTS AND
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
ONE SAMPLE T-TEST
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ONE SAMPLE T-TEST


Used to test whether the population mean is
different from a specified value.
Example: Is the mean height of 12 year old girls
greater than 60 inches?
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STEP 1: FORMULATE THE HYPOTHESES



The population mean is not equal to a specified
value.
H0: μ = μ0
Ha: μ ≠ μ0
The population mean is greater than a specified
value.
H0: μ = μ0
Ha: μ > μ0
The population mean is less than a specified value.
H0: μ = μ0
Ha: μ < μ0
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STEP 2: CHECK THE ASSUMPTIONS


The sample is random.
The population from which the sample is drawn
is either normal or the sample size is large.
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STEPS 3-5

Step 3: Calculate the test statistic:
y  0
t
s/ n
n
Where


s
2


y

y
 i
i 1
n 1
Step 4: Calculate the p-value based on the
appropriate alternative hypothesis.
Step 5: Write a conclusion.
9
IRIS EXAMPLE



A researcher would like to know whether the
mean sepal width of a variety of irises is different
from 3.5 cm.
The researcher randomly measures the sepal
width of 50 irises.
Step 1: Hypotheses
H0: μ = 3.5 cm
Ha: μ ≠ 3.5 cm
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JMP

Steps 2-4:
JMP Demonstration
Analyze  Distribution
Y, Columns: Sepal Width
Test Mean
Specify Hypothesized Mean: 3.5
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JMP OUTPUT
Step 5 Conclusion: The mean sepal width is not
significantly different from 3.5 cm.

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TWO SAMPLE T-TEST
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TWO SAMPLE T-TEST


Two sample t-tests are used to determine
whether the population mean of one group is
equal to, larger than or smaller than the
population mean of another group.
Example: Is the mean cholesterol of people taking
drug A lower than the mean cholesterol of people
taking drug B?
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STEP 1: FORMULATE THE HYPOTHESES



The population means of the two groups are not
equal.
H0: μ1 = μ2
Ha: μ1 ≠ μ2
The population mean of group 1 is greater than the
population mean of group 2.
H0: μ1 = μ2
Ha: μ1 > μ2
The population mean of group 1 is less than the
population mean of group 2.
H0: μ1 = μ2
Ha: μ1 < μ2
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STEP 2: CHECK THE ASSUMPTIONS



The two samples are random and independent.
The populations from which the samples are
drawn are either normal or the sample sizes are
large.
The populations have the same standard
deviation.
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STEPS 3-5

Step 3: Calculate the test statistic
y1  y2
t
1 1
sp

n1 n2
where
(n1  1) s12  (n2  1) s22
sp 
n1  n2  2
Step 4: Calculate the appropriate p-value.
 Step 5: Write a Conclusion.

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TWO SAMPLE EXAMPLE


A researcher would like to know whether the
mean sepal width of setosa irises is different from
the mean sepal width of versicolor irises.
Step 1 Hypotheses:
H0: μsetosa = μversicolor
Ha: μsetosa ≠ μversicolor
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JMP

Steps 2-4:
JMP Demonstration:
Analyze  Fit Y By X
Y, Response: Sepal Width
X, Factor: Species
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JMP OUTPUT
Step 5 Conclusion: There is strong evidence (pvalue < 0.0001) that the mean sepal widths for
the two varieties are different.

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PAIRED T-TEST
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PAIRED T-TEST


The paired t-test is used to compare the means of
two dependent samples.
Example:
A researcher would like to determine if
background noise causes people to take longer to
complete math problems. The researcher gives 20
subjects two math tests one with complete silence
and one with background noise and records the
time each subject takes to complete each test.
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STEP 1: FORMULATE THE HYPOTHESES



The population mean difference is not equal to zero.
H0: μdifference = 0
Ha: μdifference ≠ 0
The population mean difference is greater than
zero.
H0: μdifference = 0
Ha: μdifference > 0
The population mean difference is less than a zero.
H0: μdifference = 0
Ha: μdifference < 0
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STEP 2: CHECK THE ASSUMPTIONS

The sample is random.

The data is matched pairs.

The differences have a normal distribution or the
sample size is large.
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STEPS 3-5

Step 3: Calculate the test Statistic:
d 0
t
sd / n
Where d bar is the mean of the differences and sd
is the standard deviations of the differences.

Step 4: Calculate the p-value.

Step 5: Write a conclusion.
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PAIRED T-TEST EXAMPLE


A researcher would like to determine whether a
fitness program increases flexibility. The
researcher measures the flexibility (in inches) of
12 randomly selected participants before and
after the fitness program.
Step 1: Formulate a Hypothesis
H0: μAfter - Before = 0
Ha: μ After - Before > 0
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PAIRED T-TEST EXAMPLE

Steps 2-4:
JMP Analysis:
Create a new column of After – Before
Analyze  Distribution
Y, Columns: After – Before
Test Mean
Specify Hypothesized Mean: 0
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JMP OUTPUT
Step 5 Conclusion: There is not evidence that
the fitness program increases flexibility.
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ONE-WAY ANALYSIS OF
VARIANCE
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ONE-WAY ANOVA

ANOVA is used to determine whether three or
more populations have different distributions.
A
B
Medical Treatment
C
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ANOVA STRATEGY
The
first step is to use the ANOVA F test to
determine if there are any significant differences
among means.

If the ANOVA F test shows that the means are
not all the same, then follow up tests can be
performed to see which pairs of means differ.
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ONE-WAY ANOVA MODEL
yij  i   ij
Where
yij is theresponseof the jth trialon t heith factorlevel
i is themean of theith group
 ij ~ N (0,  2 )
i  1,  , r
j  1, , ni
In other words, for each group the observed
value is the group mean plus some random
variation.
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ONE-WAY ANOVA HYPOTHESIS

Step 1: We test whether there is a difference in
the means.
H 0 : 1  2    r
H a : T hei are not all equal.
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STEP 2: CHECK ANOVA ASSUMPTIONS
The samples are random and independent of each
other.
 The populations are normally distributed.
 The populations all have the same variance.


The ANOVA F test is robust to the assumptions
of normality and equal variances.
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STEP 3: ANOVA F TEST
A
B
C
A
B
C
Medical Treatment
Compare the variation within the samples to the
variation between the samples.
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ANOVA TEST STATISTIC
F
Variationbetween Groups MSG

Variationwithin Groups
MSE
Variation within groups
small compared with
variation between groups
→ Large F
Variation within groups
large compared with
variation between groups
→ Small F
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MSG

The mean square for groups, MSG, measures the
variability of the sample averages.

SSG stands for sums of squares groups.
SSG
MSG 
r -1
n1 ( y1  y ) 2  n 2 ( y2  y ) 2    n r ( y1  y ) 2

r -1
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MSE
Mean square error, MSE, measures the variability
within the groups.
 SSE stands for sums of squares error.

SSE
n-r
(n1 - 1)s12  (n 2 - 1)s22    (n r - 1)s2r

n-r
Where
MSE 
ni
si 
(y
j 1
ij
 yi  )
ni  1
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STEPS 4-5

Step 4: Calculate the p-value.

Step 5: Write a conclusion.
39
ANOVA EXAMPLE
A researcher would like to determine if three
drugs provide the same relief from pain.
 60 patients are randomly assigned to a treatment
(20 people in each treatment).


Step 1: Formulate the Hypotheses
H0: μDrug A = μDrug B = μDrug C
Ha : The μi are not all equal.
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STEPS 2-4

JMP demonstration
Analyze  Fit Y By X
Y, Response: Pain
X, Factor: Drug
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JMP OUTPUT AND CONCLUSION
Step 5 Conclusion: There is strong evidence
that the drugs are not all the same.

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FOLLOW-UP TEST
The p-value of the overall F test indicates that
the level of pain is not the same for patients
taking drugs A, B and C.
 We would like to know which pairs of treatments
are different.
 One method is to use Tukey’s HSD (honestly
significant differences).

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TUKEY TESTS

Tukey’s test simultaneously tests
H 0 : i  i '
H a : i  i '
for all pairs of factor levels. Tukey’s HSD
controls the overall type I error.
JMP demonstration
Oneway Analysis of Pain By Drug 
Compare Means  All Pairs, Tukey HSD

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JMP OUTPUT
The JMP output shows that drugs A and C are
significantly different.

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TWO-WAY ANALYSIS OF
VARIANCE
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TWO-WAY ANOVA
We are interested in the effect of two categorical
factors on the response.
 We are interested in whether either of the two
factors have an effect on the response and
whether there is an interaction effect.


An interaction effect means that the effect on the
response of one factor depends on the level of the
other factor.
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INTERACTION
No Interaction
Interaction
Factor B Low
Factor B High
Response
Response
Factor B Low
Factor B High
Low
High
Factor A
Low
High
Factor A
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TWO-WAY ANOVA MODEL
yijk     i   j  ( ) ij   ijk
Where
yijk is theresponseof thekth trialon theith factorA leveland the jth factorB level
 is theoverallmean
 i is themain effectof theith levelof factorA
 j is themain effectof the jth levelof factorB
( ) ij is theinteraction effectof theith levelof factorA and the jth levelof factorB
 ijk ~ N (0,  2 )
i  1,  , a
j  1,  , b
k  1,...,nij
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TWO-WAY ANOVA EXAMPLE


We would like to determine the effect of two
alloys (low, high) and three cooling temperatures
(low, medium, high) on the strength of a wire.
JMP demonstration
Analyze  Fit Model
Y: Strength
Highlight Alloy and Temp and click Macros 
Factorial to Degree
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JMP OUTPUT
Conclusion: There is strong evidence of an
interaction between alloy and temperature.
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ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE
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ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE (ANCOVA)
Covariates are variables that may affect the
response but cannot be controlled.
 Covariates are not of primary interest to the
researcher.
 We will look at an example with two covariates,
the model is

yij  i  covariates  ij
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ANCOVA EXAMPLE


Consider the one-way ANOVA example where we
tested whether the patients receiving different
drugs reported different levels of pain. Perhaps
age and gender may influence the pain. We can
use age and gender as covariates.
JMP demonstration
Analyze  Fit Model
Y: Pain
Add: Drug
Age
Gender
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JMP OUTPUT
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CONCLUSION



The one sample t-test allows us to test whether
the population mean of a group is equal to a
specified value.
The two-sample t-test and paired t-test allow us
to determine if the population means of two
groups are different.
ANOVA and ANCOVA methods allow us to
determine whether the population means of
several groups are statistically different.
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SAS AND SPSS

For information about using SAS and SPSS to do
ANOVA:
http://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/sas/topics/anova.htm
http://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/spss/topics/anova.htm
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REFERENCES


Fisher’s Irises Data (used in one sample and two
sample t-test examples).
Flexibility data (paired t-test example):
Michael Sullivan III. Statistics Informed
Decisions Using Data. Upper Saddle River, New
Jersey: Pearson Education, 2004: 602.
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