Transcript Document

TOPIC: Wolsey and Foreign Policy Aims - 1514 - 1521
OBJECTIVES: 3. Argue how far Wolsey achieved his foreign policy aims in the period 1514 - 29.
KNOWLEDGE DEVELOPMENT:
1. Describe the events of July 1521:
•
Francis I declared war on Charles V in April 1521 - the Valois-Habsburg
conflict was underway.
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Calais - Wolsey arranged a conference with Spain and France (England =
Peace Broker).
•
Really was an attempt by Francis and Spain to buy time until next move.
2. August, 1521 - Treaty of Bruges:
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Wolsey traveled to Bruges (Flanders) and made a deal with Charles to
invade France, forcing Francis I to make peace.
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The treaty was a secret, allowing England to receive November’s
installment of the French pension.
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Charles (21 yrs old) would then compensate Henry for the pensions during
the war with France and became engaged to 5 year old, Mary.
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Wolsey tried to delay the English invasion until 1523, hoping the situation
might change and prevent English assistance (support in England was suspect).
TOPIC: Wolsey and Foreign Policy Aims - 1514 - 1521
OBJECTIVES: 13. Argue how far Wolsey achieved his foreign policy aims in the period 1514 - 29.
KNOWLEDGE DEVELOPMENT:
3. Summary of the main events of 1515 – 1521, page 157 (Green):
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In the period of 1515 to 1521 England’s ‘star’ seemed to be on the rise. It was
in the forefront with two great European monarchs of the time as an ‘arbiter of
peace’ .
•
Meetings brokered by England were held:
 London - October 1518
 Meetings between Henry and Charles in May and July of 1520.
 Field of the Cloth of Gold - June 1520
 Calais - July 1521 to peacefully resolve the Valois-Habsburg conflict (Francis
I declared war on Charles V in April 1521).
 Bruges - August 1521
•
Questions are raised over Wolsey’s motives of that time.
 Humanistic, seeking peace.
 Political ambition - seeking leverage for his desire to become Pope. He did
become Lord Chancellor (1515), Cardinal (1515) and Legate a latere (1518).
 More likely that Wolsey wanted to please Henry and give him status.
 Truth of the matter - England was at the mercy of events in Europe,
reacting to them instead of dictating them.
TOPIC: Wolsey and Foreign Policy Aims - 1521 - 1527
OBJECTIVE: 13. Argue how far Wolsey achieved his foreign policy aims in the period 1514 - 29.
1. What domestic challenge did Wolsey face in 1522? p. 68
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English were not enthusiastic about invading France.
 Concerns were raised about funding the invasion (Taxes).
 Remember - loans in 1522 and subsidy in 1523 angered nobles.
 An invasion did not directly serve England’s interests.
 This action might fuel domestic unrest.
2. How did England’s second attempt to invade France (in an alliance with
Charles) fare? p. 68 - 69 and p. 158 (Green)
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England declared war on France in May 1522.
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The Earl of Surrey led a raiding party into Normandy and Picardy May 1522 - but made no territorial gains.
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As Ferdinand had done in 1512, Charles V abandoned his imperial
ally to focus attention on Northern Italy (Milan 1521 and La Bicocca 1522).
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England was concerned.
(What about Charles, Duke of Bourbon?) p. 68 - 69 and p. 158 (Green)
TOPIC: Wolsey and Foreign Policy Aims - 1521 - 1527
OBJECTIVE: 13. Argue how far Wolsey achieved his foreign policy aims in the period 1514 - 29.
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(What about Charles, Duke of Bourbon?) p. 68 - 69 and p. 158 (Green)
In August 1523 another opportunity for England arose.
A leading French noble, Charles - Duke of Bourbon - rebelled against
Francis I.
CDofB - felt betrayed because Francis denied him territorial inheritance.
A three pronged attack of France was planned with imperial forces,
England and CDofB.
 Duke of Suffolk led 11,000 English troops (costing £400,000) toward
Paris but the rebellion failed (Charles V did not get support from the
Netherlands or Spain).
 The English army fell apart due to lack of supplies and winter weather.
 Henry had once again been abandoned by his allies, but unlike 1514
had nothing to show for it.
 Wolsey looked for a way out of the treaty of Bruges obligations
between 1523 and 1525.
TOPIC: Wolsey and Foreign Policy Aims - 1521 - 1527
OBJECTIVE: 13. Argue how far Wolsey achieved his foreign policy aims in the period 1514 - 29.
Events of 1522 and 1523:
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England declared war on France in May 1522 and needed funding.
 Loans in 1522 and subsidy in 1523 angered nobles.
 The Earl of Surrey led a raiding party into Normandy and Picardy
- May 1522 - but made no territorial gains.
 In August 1523 another opportunity for England arose.
 Duke of Suffolk led 11,000 English troops (costing £400,000)
toward Paris but the rebellion failed.
 The English army fell apart due to lack of supplies
 By 1524 Wolsey was exploring new alliance options.
TOPIC: Wolsey and Foreign Policy Aims - 1521 - 1527
OBJECTIVE: 13. Argue how far Wolsey achieved his foreign policy aims in the period 1514 - 29.
3. Wolsey and Henry make the Treaty of the More in August 1525:
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As Wolsey looked for a way out of England’s treaty obligations (Bruges,
1521) Charles lost interest in England.
1525 changed everything.
 Charles achieved a decisive victory over Francis on 24th February at
Pavia (Northern Italy).
 The French army was annihilated (10,000 killed) and Francis I was taken
prisoner.
 This battle rocked the unstable foundations of European policy.
 Wolsey and Henry HOPED they might profit from Charles’ victory, but
Charles had little to gain from rewarding the English.
 As a result, Charles V saw no advantage in giving Henry the French
crown and called off the proposed marriage to Mary.
TOPIC: Wolsey and Foreign Policy Aims - 1521 - 1527
OBJECTIVE: 13. Argue how far Wolsey achieved his foreign policy aims in the period 1514 - 29.
4. Why was Pavia the turning point of Henry’s reign? p. 69 and p. 160 (Green)
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Henry tried to persuade Charles to invade France so Henry could be
crowned King of France. Charles refused.
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Wolsey, Lord Chancellor, tried to raise the Amicable Grant (a tax / forced loan
imposed on England in 1525 of £800,000 … called the benevolence, ). Opposed and failed.
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Read source E on p. 69 (Red) - Discuss Questions 1 - 3
England needed to change its policy toward France, so Wolsey opened up
negotiations with France (Diplomatic Revolution).
The friendship Treaty of the More was signed with France on August 30,
1525.
 Henry gave up his claims to France in return for an annual pension.
In May 1526 the Treaty of Cognac aligned France, Venice, the Papacy,
Florence and the exiled Duke of Milan against Charles V and the HRE in
Italy.
 England joined in September as a ‘protector’ to help finance it, but not
as a member.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3oeKSFwibrY
DATE: January 22, 2015
TOPIC: Wolsey and Foreign Policy Aims - 1525 - 1529
OBJECTIVE:
13. Argue how far Wolsey achieved his foreign policy aims in the period 1514 - 29.
REVIEW:
Turning Points - Pavia on Feb 24th, Treaty of the More, Aug 1525
and the Treaty of Cognac in May 1526 aligned France, Venice, the
Papacy, Florence and the exiled Duke of Milan against Charles V
and the HRE in Italy.
http://quizlet.com/11345366/henry-viiis-foreign-policy-flash-cards/
KNOWLEDGE DEVELOPMENT:
1. Events of 1525 - 1529: p. 70 (Red) and p. 160 (Green)
2. Evaluation of Wolsey’s Foreign Policy: p. 71 - 73 (Red)
1. Events of 1525 - 1529: p. 70 (Red) and p. 160 (Green)
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
Other treaties cemented the Anglo-French position against Charles and
Habsburg dominance.
The Treaty of Westminster in April 1527 (Princess Mary was presented as a
marriage pawn to Francis or his second son)
but
 Imperial troops (HRE) sacked Rome in May 1527 and Pope Clement VII
was taken prisoner.
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The Treaty of Amiens in August 1527 - an Anglo-French Treaty to attack
Charles V.
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With these events, Wolsey lost any leverage to help Henry get the Great
Matter (annulment to Catherine of Aragon) sorted.
But by the end of 1527 Charles released Clement VII, yet he maintained
control over Italy.
Wolsey declared war on Charles in 1528 - but troops never mobilised.
Next, Wolsey considered a trade embargo on the Low Countries (Flanders,
Brabant and Holland - with cloth manufacturing and finishing) but that would’ve been more
damaging to England.
TOPIC: Wolsey and Foreign Policy Aims - 1525 - 1529
OBJECTIVE: 13. Argue how far Wolsey achieved his foreign policy aims in the period 1514 - 29.
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Finally 1529 saw the end to many English hopes.
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Charles defeated the French and Cognac partners at Landriano (Italy) in
June 1529.
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August 1529 France, Spain and the Papacy signed the
Peace of Cambrai (didn’t inform Wolsey - lack of respect)

Marks the end to Wolsey (no annulment) and left England isolated.
TOPIC: Wolsey and Foreign Policy Aims - 1525 - 1529
OUTCOMES Since Pavia in Feb 1525:
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Pavia (Feb 1525) forced England to end its hostility with France.
With the Treaties of the More (Aug 1525), Westminster (Apr 1527) and the
Treaty of Amiens (Aug 1527), the Anglo-French alliance was strong.
Treaty of Cognac (May 1526) gave England confidence that a move closer
to France was beneficial.
But events in 1527 and 1529 caused Wolsey to regret his decision to
move England away from Charles in 1525.
England’s inability to wage war against Charles and impose a trade
embargo against the Low Countries reaffirms England’s second tier
status (later reconfirmed by Cambrai).
Charles’ victories in Rome (May 1527) and Landriano (June 1529) and the
Peace of Cambrai (Aug 1529) left him strongest in Europe and he dictated
the political events thereafter.
Wolsey’s gambles fail (ultimately, no annulment) and left England isolated.
TOPIC: Henry VIII and the Quest for International Influence
BACKGROUND: Use pages 174 - 175 of Green book
Henry had a number of aims in foreign policy:
1. To be ‘the most goodliest prince that ever reigned over the realm of England’.
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To replace the legendary Henry V
2. Pursuing an ambitious and aggressive policy towards the French.
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All English Kings since Edward the III (1327 - 1377 ) claimed the title of King of France.
3. Honour and glory.
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Henry had a mindset of achieving honour and glory through war - Warrior King.
4. Maintaining links with the Netherlands / Low countries.
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England’s cloth trade depended heavily on Antwerp - and on an alliance with HRE.

Loyalty and support from English nobles required friendship with the Low countries.
5. Peacemaker of Europe - Arbiter of Peace.
6. Securing his dynasty.

Henry pulled all the punches in an attempt to have a male heir, and to marry off his sister
(Mary) and his daughter (Mary) to gain favour.
7. Collecting his pension.


Both Henry’s (VII and VIII) received pensions for English lands lost in France.
War turned out to be expensive and the pension was, in the end, a good option.
TOPIC: Henry VIII and the Quest for International Influence
BACKGROUND: Use pages 174 - 175 of Green book
7. Collecting his pension.
Look at source 11G on page 175:
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1488 - 92 Henry VII’s war with France
1512 - 14 Henry VIII’s First French war
1522 - 25 Henry VIII’s Second French War
1542 - 46 Henry VIII’s Third French War
Total costs of these wars -
£108,000
£892,000
£401,000
£2,144,765
£3,545,765
Look at source 11H on page 175:
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
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1475 - Pension started when Louis XI agreed to pay Edward IV
1492 - Charles VIII agreed to pay Henry VII
1512 - Pension stopped b/c of the First French War
1518 - Pension increased
1525 - Pension increased
1527 - Henry VIII to receive
1542 - Pension arrears
Total paid by the French in Henry VIII’s reign -
£10,000
£892,000
£00.00
£21,316
£205,379
£730,379
TOPIC: Wolsey and Foreign Policy Aims - 1525 - 1529
OBJECTIVE: 13. Argue how far Wolsey achieved his foreign policy aims in the period 1514 - 29.
6. Evaluation of Wolsey’s Foreign Policy: p. 71 - 73 (Red) and 165-66,
174 - 177 (Green - Points A through W)
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•
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Whose policy was it?
What aims were trying to be achieved?
What factors dictated decisions, alliances and events?
Discuss.
SUCCESSES: Green - A C D F J M O P R T U W
1. The Battle of the Spurs (1513). Henry personally led 30,000 men to Calais in
June 1513 and captured the French towns of Therouanne and Tournai reflects Henry’s strong Renaissance kingship.

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He waged war - an important goal
He announced his presence to other European powers
He laid claim to his inherited title in France
He had trust and confidence in Thomas Wolsey
TOPIC: Wolsey and Foreign Policy Aims - 1525 - 1529
OBJECTIVE: 13. Argue how far Wolsey achieved his foreign policy aims in the period 1514 - 29.
SUCCESSES:
2. October 1518 - Treaty of London
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Moral, political and diplomatic success … with Premiership! Signed by over
20 rulers.
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Wolsey arranged a Christian peace settlement with France, the Papacy,
Spain and the HRE to take action against Turk moves into Europe.
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Additionally, it:
 was a non-aggression pact among members.
 designed collective security for members.
 brought prestige to Henry.
 ended threat of English isolation
 led to another Anglo-French treaty (Tournai, pensions, Mary and
Dauphin (son of Francis I), Duke of Albany kept out of Scotland)
•
Wolsey - was clever to take Leo X’s original plan. It gave him personal
admiration and political claim (Legate a latere - Pope’s rep in England in
1518 - he was appointed as cardinal in 1515).
TOPIC: Evaluation of Wolsey’s Foreign Policy by 1529
SUCCESSES:
3. Period of 1520 - 1521
•
In the period of 1515 to 1521 England’s ‘star’ seemed to be on the rise. It
had meager resources and little income but conducted a flexible and
reactive foreign policy. It was in the forefront with two great European
monarchs of the time as an ‘arbiter of peace’ .
•
Meetings brokered by England were held:
 London - October 1518
 Meetings between Henry and Charles in May and July of 1520.
 Field of the Cloth of Gold - June 1520
 Calais - July 1521 to peacefully resolve the Valois-Habsburg conflict (but
Francis I declared war on Charles V in April 1521).
 Bruges - August 1521 - deal with Charles to invade France, forcing
Francis I to make peace (Gives Henry footing to get the Great matter solved
and win throne of France).

Truth of the matter - England was at the mercy of events in
Europe, reacting to them instead of dictating them.
TOPIC: Wolsey and Foreign Policy Aims - 1525 - 1529
OBJECTIVE: 13. Argue how far Wolsey achieved his foreign policy aims in the period 1514 - 29.
SUCCESSES:
1. The Battle of the Spurs (1513). Henry personally led 30,000 men to Calais in June 1513 and
captured the French towns of Therouanne and Tournai - waged war – announced presence claim to his inherited title in France – confidence in Wolsey
2. October 1518 - Treaty of London
•
Moral, political and diplomatic success … with Premiership! Signed by over 20 rulers - Wolsey
arranged it France, the Papacy, Spain and the HRE to take action against Turk moves into
Europe.
•
Wolsey - was clever to take Leo X’s original plan. It gave him personal admiration and political
claim (Legate a latere - Pope’s rep in England in 1518 - he was appointed as cardinal in 1515).
3. Period of 1520 - 1521
•
In the period of 1515 to 1521 England’s ‘star’ seemed to be on the rise. It had meager
resources and little income but conducted a flexible and reactive foreign policy. It was in the
forefront with two great European monarchs of the time as an ‘arbiter of peace’ .
•
Meetings brokered by England were held – London, October 1518 – w/ Charles in May and
July of 1520 - Field of the Cloth of Gold, June 1520 – Calais, July 1521 to peacefully resolve the
Valois-Habsburg conflict – Bruges, August 1521 - deal with Charles to invade France
TOPIC: Evaluation of Wolsey’s Foreign Policy by 1529
FAILURES: Green - B E G H I K L N Q S T V
1st - Henry VIII failed to achieve his primary goal, which was to recover the
French empire which had been conquered by Henry V.
2nd - his aims and ambitions were unrealistic:
 Henry’s high hopes were naive, given that his resources were tiny
compared with those of France.
3rd - his foreign policy was often incoherent, thus allowing more experienced
monarchs, such as King Ferdinand of Aragon (Aquitaine 1512) and the Emperor
Maximilian (Ferdinand, Maximilian and Pope Leo X favoured peace with France and w/o Henry) to
manipulate him.
 Later it was Charles V offering little military back-up to English
campaigns of 1522 – 1523 (Loans in 1522 and subsidy in 1523; Earl of Surrey led a raiding
party into France in May 1522 - but made no territorial gains; August 1523 - Duke of Suffolk led
11,000 English troops (costing £400,000) toward Paris but the rebellion failed).

In short, foreign policy under Henry and Wolsey was unaccomplished,
anachronistic, naive and aimless.
TOPIC: Evaluation of Wolsey’s Foreign Policy by 1529
FAILURES:
4th - Henry’s campaigns yielded few gains.
 From 1511 - 1525 he spent £1.4 million and squandered the financial
security his father left him.
 The taxation moves by Wolsey (ie. Amicable Grant of 1525) caused
domestic unrest (Suffolk and East Anglia), and Henry lost some
confidence in Wolsey.
5th - Wolsey was seen as a self interested diplomat.
 He hijacked the Papal plan against the Turks.
 Although he brought prestige to Henry, it gave him personal admiration
and political claim (Legate a latere - Pope’s rep in England in 1518 - he
was appointed as cardinal in 1515).
 A.F. Pollard - Wolsey was guided by his desire to follow Papal Policy,
and in turn achieve personal ambition of becoming Pope.
 Even at the Field of the Cloth of Gold, as Wolsey promoted Henry, he
also was eager to promote himself.
TOPIC: Evaluation of Wolsey’s Foreign Policy by 1529
FAILURES:
6th - Diplomatic Revolution of 1525 proved to be a failure b/c it gave him little
chance of getting the Great Matter (annulment) resolved for Henry.

The Treaty of Cognac (May 1526) aligned France, Venice, the Papacy,
Florence - Wolsey hoped to benefit but he backed the wrong side.

Events in 1527 and 1529 caused Wolsey to regret his decision to move
England away from Charles in 1525.

Charles’ victories in Rome (May 1527) and Landriano (June 1529) and
the Peace of Cambrai (Aug 1529) left him strongest in Europe and he
dictated the political events thereafter. (First Treaty of Cambrai - Max joined
Charles in 1517 joining Spain and France)
•
Wolsey’s gambles fail (ultimately, no annulment) and left England isolated.
TOPIC: Evaluation of Wolsey’s Foreign Policy by 1529
FAILURES:
7th - The French alliance was unpopular at home and England was not able to
frighten Charles.
 The proposed trade embargo against the Low Countries in 1528 proved
unrealistic b/c England would suffer more.

The government by 1527 - 1528 became increasingly unpopular. A
failed harvest, hunger and unemployment forced Wolsey to drop plans
for the embargo.
KEY DATES and EVENTS:
1512 - 1514
FAILURES: Green - B E G H I K L N Q S T V
1st - Henry VIII failed to achieve his primary goal, which was to recover the French empire which had
been conquered by Henry V.
2nd - his aims and ambitions were unrealistic:

Henry’s high hopes were naive, given his resources - compared with those of France.
3rd - his foreign policy was often incoherent, thus allowing more experienced monarchs, such Ferdinand, Maximilian
and Pope Leo X to manipulate him.

Foreign policy was unaccomplished, anachronistic, naive and aimless.
4th - Henry’s campaigns yielded few gains.

From 1511 - 1525 he spent £1.4 million and squandered the financial security from his father.

The taxation moves by Wolsey (ie. Amicable Grant of 1525) caused domestic unrest (Suffolk and East
Anglia), and Henry lost some confidence in Wolsey.
5th - Wolsey was seen as a self interested diplomat.

Although he brought prestige to Henry, it gave him personal admiration and political claim (Legate a
latere - Pope’s rep in England in 1518 - he was appointed as cardinal in 1515).

A.F. Pollard - Wolsey was guided by his desire to follow Papal Policy, and in turn achieve personal
ambition of becoming Pope - Wolsey promoted Henry, and himself.
6th - Diplomatic Revolution of 1525 proved to be a failure b/c it gave him little chance of getting the Great Matter
(annulment) resolved for Henry. The Treaty of Cognac (May 1526) - Charles’ victories in Rome (May 1527)
and Landriano (June 1529) and the Peace of Cambrai (Aug 1529) - Wolsey’s gambles fail.
7th - The French alliance was unpopular at home and England was not able to frighten Charles.

The proposed trade embargo against the Low Countries in 1528 proved unrealistic b/c England would
suffer more.

The government by 1527 - 1528 became increasingly unpopular. A failed harvest, hunger and
unemployment forced Wolsey to drop plans for the embargo.