Transcript Slide 1

East & Southeast Asia
• Japan
– American Occupation of Japan:
– Goals
• To destroy militarism.
• To ensure a democratic government.
– Reforms
• Japan formed a representative democracy with a new
constitution forcing the emperor from power.
• Japan also rebuilt their industries using aid from the U.S.
• Occupation ended in 1952, and Japan has since become the
United State's strongest ally in the East, and also its main
economic competitor around the world.
East & Southeast Asia
• Japanese Successes
– Trade & Investment
• Developed a favorable balance of trade by
importing raw materials, while exporting more
profitable finished goods.
– Trade Issue and Dependence on Oil
• Japan’s need for raw materials showed the
negativity of interdependence.
• OPEC’s oil price hikes in the 1970s hurt Japan’s
economy leading them to seek out new energy
sources.
China
Leader
Program
Year Begun
Goals
Methods
Mao Zedong
Deng Xiaoping
The Great Leap
Forward
The Cultural
Revolution
The Four
Modernizations
1958
1966
1981
Increase farm
and industrial
output
Purge China of
“Bourgeois”
Agriculture,
industry, science
& defense
Commune - A
government owned
farm where peasants
work on a quota
system.
Results
Failure
China’s youth
humiliated, beat &
killed people who
were “Counterrevolutionaries.”
Led many to be
disillusioned with
Communism
Private ownership of
property and freemarket policies. Joint
ventures and Special
Enterprise Zones
brought growth.
Economic Growth
Increased crime,
corruption and gap
between rich and poor.
China
• Equality of Women in China
– Women won equality under the law in
China’s new constitution, changing many
traditions in the country. While women
made progress they did not enjoy full
economic or social equality.
China
• Biography: Mao Zedong (1893-1976)
– Leader of the Communist Party in
China that overthrew Jiang Jieshi
and the Nationalists. Established
China as the People’s Republic of
China and ruled from 1949 until
1976.
• Deng Xiaoping (1904-1997)
– Chinese Communist leader. Ruled
from 1978 until 1997.
China
• Tiananmen Square Massacre
– A political and social protest by university
students in Beijing, China in 1989. The protest
called for political and social reforms and resulted
in the government using the military to end it,
which caused hundreds of deaths, thousands of
injured, and many more imprisoned.
• Population Policies
– Due to overcrowding the Chinese government
instituted a one-child-per-family policy.
– Family who followed the policy were rewarded
while those who didn’t, faced fines.
The Asian Tigers
• Taiwan
– Has experienced periods to Japanese, Chinese
and American influence, but in Sept. 2007
asserted their independence from China.
• Hong Kong
– Turned into an economic force under British
imperial control, but was returned to China in
1997.
• Singapore
– Also turned into an economic force under British
imperial control and became independent in 1963.
This clean, quiet and orderly country pays a price
for stability with limits on their freedom.
The Two Koreas
• North Korea
– Kim Il Sung brought
Communism.
– Refused reforms in the 1960s.
– Under Kim Jong Il, failed
government policies and
terrible floods destroyed
harvests.
– In the late 1990s North Korea
accepted food aid from the
U.S. and South Korea.
 Similarities
• South Korea
– Strong economy due to low
wages, long hours and worker
sacrifices.
– 1990s prosperity led to higher
wages.
– 1997 Asian financial crisis
brought hardships, but
conditions bettered by 2000.
– Became democracy after
direct elections were held in
1987.
 Most Koreans want to see their country reunited & the Korean War
was fought for that purpose.
 They share the same history, language and culture.
 Restoring unity is of global interest because of Korea’s strategic
location in Asia.
Independence in Southeast Asia
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Vietnam
– By 1954, Ho Chi Minh had succeeded in establishing North Vietnam, with
the military aid of the communist world. In order to stop the spread of
communism, the United States took control of South Vietnam from France
and established a democratic government under the leadership of Ngo Dinh
Diem. The Vietnam conflict between North and South Vietnam would not
end until the mid-1970's, with a Communist victory.
Philippines
– In 1946 the Philippines gained their independence from the U.S. The
Philippines became a dictatorship under Ferdinand Marcos, but turned to a
democracy under Corazon Aquino.
Myanmar (Burma)
– Military rulers imposed state socialism similar to China for nearly 30 years.
Under the strife, Aung San Suu Kyi won elections in Myanmar in 1990, but
when the election was rejected, Suu Kyi was put under house arrest and as
of 1995 still fights for a democratic government.
Indonesia
– A country of over 13,000 islands with a Muslim majority. The authoritarian
government has struggled over the past 30 years with economic and human
rights issues.
South Asia
• The Largest Democracy—India
– After Muhammad Ali Jinnah persuaded the
British to partition, or divide India and Gandhi
was assassinated, India and Pakistan went in
two different directions.
– India set up a federal system like the U.S.
where powers were divided between a strong
central government and smaller local
governments.
India
• Biography: Jawaharlal Nehru
– Rising to Congress President under the
mentorship of Mahatma Gandhi, Nehru was a
charismatic, radical leader, advocating
complete independence from the British
Empire, and was eventually recognized as
Gandhi's political heir.
• “Nehru Dynasty”
– His daughter Indira and grandson Rajiv would
both also serve as Prime Minister and
President of the Indian National Congress, as
would Rajiv's wife Sonia. His long tenure
was instrumental in shaping the traditions
and structures of independent India.
Obstacles to progress in India
• Green Revolution
• Goals
– Build a Modern
- Better irrigation, machinery,
Secular State
chemical fertilizers and
– Federal System
pesticides.
– Promote Social
- Increase food production
Justice
• Population Increase
• Obstacles
-Tripled since independence
– India’s size
– Diversity: Regional & • Relation
Religious Divisions
- Green Revolution eliminated
– Population issue
agricultural jobs, overcrowding
cities without enough jobs.
India
• Social Changes
– Caste System
• Gandhi campaigned to end inhumane treatment of
untouchables (harijans – children of god). While some
reforms have been made, untouchability is still an issue.
– Women
• Upper & Middle Class women became educated, but
poor women received little education and low paying
jobs.
– Nuclear Issue
• As of 1998 both India and Pakistan had tested nuclear
weapons, a dangerous sign due to their religious past.
Middle East
• Forces Shaping the Modern Middle East
– Religious & Ethnic Differences
• Judaism, Christianity & Islam
• Over 30 different languages
• Differences have led to divisions
– Natural Resources
• Oil and water
– Governments
• Mainly authoritarian (dictators or monarchs), few
democracies (Israel & Turkey).
– Islamic Traditions
• Many Islamic reforms over the last 30 years have seen
Muslims resorting back to the laws of the Quran and the
Sharia instead of Westernizing.
Middle East
• Birth of Israel (Balfour Declaration)
– A promise made by British Prime Minister Arthur
James Balfour to create a homeland for the
Jewish people in 1917. This was not realized until
1948.
• Turkey Modernizes
– Became a NATO nation during the Cold War with
the help of the United States.
– Government & Economy
• Became a democracy and was strengthened by Muslim
reformers.
• Their economy was modernized through farming and
industry. This did bring urbanization, which led to
overcrowding and unemployment.
Middle East
• Iran
• Egypt
– Oil rich nation
– Shah carried out U.S. desires
(1953-1978)
– Shah became repressive to
enemies.
– Ayatollah Khomeini gains
control in 1979.
– Creates a theocracy based on
Quran and Sharia.
– Nassar nationalized the Suez
Canal in 1956.
– Limited economic success
under Socialism.
– Gave Egyptian people more
farmland and irrigation with
the Aswan High Dam
– Later leaders Sadat &
Mubarak made peace with
Israel, but faced economic
problems and urbanization.
o Similarities
o British colonial past.
o Hatred toward Israel (Egypt under Nassar)
o Heavily involved in Cold War politics
Middle East
• Biography: Gamal Abdel Nasser
– President of Egypt from 1956 to 1970. He was responsible for
nationalizing the Suez Canal, and was an important leader to the
Arab world. He was often at odds with the West and Israel.
• Arab & Israeli Conflict
– A series of wars were fought between the Jewish sate of Israel and
the various surrounding Islamic states. Religion was the core issue,
while political and economic contentions made the wars have a global
significance.
– Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) : One time terrorist
organization, now considered to be a legitimate political body whose
goals have been to create a nation-state for the displaced
Palestinians. The PLO was lead by Yasir Arafat until his death in
2004, the current leader is Mahmoud Abbas.
Middle East
• Civil War in Lebanon
– War in Lebanon lasting for 16 years (1975-1990). The
war was fought along both religious as well as
political borders, where especially the Maronite
Christians, Shi'ite Muslims, the Druze (Islamic sect),
PLO, the Israeli as well as the Syrian army were the
main contenders.
– As many as 150,000 died and the economic losses
estimated to have been from US $8 and 12 billion.
– While the capital city of Beirut has slowly returned to
promise the country remains dependent on its
neighbors for peace.
Middle East
• Persian Gulf Wars
– Iraq and Iran
• Eight year war that ended in a stalemate after former
Iraqi President Saddam Hussein seized a disputed
border from Iran.
– Iraq and Kuwait
• Again, Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein attacked and
gained access to Kuwaiti oil fields and to the highly
important Persian Gulf. It was feared that Iraq would
attack Saudi Arabia, therefore, in 1991, the United
States, attacked Iraqi forces in Kuwait and drove them
out. The Persian Gulf War ended within weeks of its
beginning. However, Iraq was able to set fire to
thousands of Kuwaiti oil-pipe lines prior to being ousted,
creating a huge environmental disaster.
Africa
• Routes to Freedom
– Ghana: The nationalist leader Kwame Nkrumah was a believer
in the principles of Gandhi. He established autonomy for Ghana
through civil disobedience and passive resistance.
– Kenya: Kenya's nationalist leader, Jomo Kenyatta, used passive
resistance like Nkrumah in Ghana. However, Great Britain
refused to end its control of Kenya and had imprisoned Kenyatta
for guerilla warfare. Regardless, the Mau Mau, Kenyan guerilla
fighters, resisted British troops until Great Britain released
Kenyatta and left in 1963 with Kenyatta as the prime minister of
a free Kenya.
– Algeria: In 1962 they celebrated their freedom after the National
Liberation Front fought against the French for 8 years.
Africa
• Effects of Colonial Rulers (Colonial Heritage)
– Economic Changes
• Countries had to endure short-term problems to enjoy long-term
success, but countries still struggle with their type of economy and
ways of feeding their population.
– Political Changes
• “Tribal” leaders led to One-Party or Military rule. In need of loans
countries legalized opposition parties, lifted censorship and allowed
elections by the mid-1980s.
– Education & Health Care
• With many nations resources stripped by imperialism Africa
struggles to properly teach and keep healthy a continent that grew
370 million people in 25 years.
– Artificial Borders
• When Imperialism ended many Africans felt loyalty to their ethnic
group not a faceless national government.
Africa
• Obstacles to Development
– Population & Poverty: People are beginning to out number
food and jobs.
– Political Problems: Civil Wars are still being fought for
control over land in their countries.
– Economic Dependence: Because most countries can not
support themselves they rely on other nations for food and
resources.
– Land & Climate: With a hot climate and desert land,
farming is increasingly difficult with desertification and
deforestation.
– Economic Policies: Struggling with socialism or capitalism
alone, some nations have turned to mixed economies
where there are private and state run enterprises.
Africa
• People & Environment (problems then & now)
Sahel
– Drought & Famine: Hit hardest in the 1970s and 80s, but
international efforts helped save millions facing starvation.
– Deforestation: To boost earnings rainforests were slashed, the
soil’s nutrients were washed away, but the Greenbelt movement by
Wangari Maathi started to restore the environment.
– AIDS: This epidemic has effected 21 million Africans with about 4
million new infections each year.
• Nigeria
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Possesses oil, large population, fertile farm areas and two rivers.
Religious strife between Muslim north and Christian south.
Experienced oil wealth in the 1970s.
Economy nearly collapsed when oil prices fell in 1980s.
Since independence, often lived under military rule, but has since
Democratically elected.
Africa
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Congo/Zaire
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Tanzania
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Rushed to independence in 1960 by Belgium.
Nation included 200 ethnic groups and 100 political parties.
Mobutu Sese Seko controlled the country for 34 years by killing rivals and stealing money.
Late 1990s Mobutu overthrown.
By 2001 the Congo and its 9 neighbors were involved in the violent power struggles.
Formerly German land transferred to Britain after WWI.
One Party Rule under Socialist Julius Nyerere.
People worked as farmers to help export coffee, cotton, tea and tobacco.
Nyerere promoted ujamaa or family hood, this failed as farm output did not rise.
Reforms when Nyerere resigned in 1985. Ali Hassan Mwinyi was able to provide water, schools
and health care to the people.
Zimbabwe
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Originally controlled by Cecil Rhodes in the 1890s.
White, Ian Smith declared independence in 1965 when Britain supported black majority rule.
Through leaders Robert Mugabe & Joshua Nkomo the nation of Zimbabwe was formed in 1980.
Mugabe’s one party leadership was hurt by sanctions, drought and tensions over land
ownership that led to renewed violence in 2000.
• Apartheid
– A political policy in South Africa where black South
Africans could only live in certain areas, were
required to use separate trains, beaches, restaurants,
and schools, and could not enter into an interracial
marriage.
• Resistance to Apartheid/ANC (African National Congress)
– A group formed in protest of the policy of Apartheid in
South Africa. It was eventually outlawed due to their
violent tactics, and Nelson Mandela, one of its
leaders, was imprisoned for over thirty years.
Biographies
• Nelson Mandela (1918 – present)
– A black South African leader who protested the policy of
Apartheid and spent over thirty years in prison before becoming
the first black president of South Africa.
• F.W. de Klerk (1936 – present)
– The white South African president who ended Apartheid in the
early 1990s.
• Desmond Tutu (1931- present)
– Former schoolteacher, ordained priest and bishop who crusaded
against apartheid.
South Africa’s Long Struggle
• 1948: The Afrikaner National Party wins majority in “white
only” parliament.
• 1960: 69 men, women and children gunned down in
Sharpeville Massacre during a peaceful demonstration
against Apartheid.
• 1964: Nelson Mandela was arrested for conspiracy and
condemned to life in prison.
• 1980s: Demands to end Apartheid and free Mandela
intensify.
• 1989-1990: New South African President F.W. de Klerk
ends Apartheid, repeals the pass laws and lifts the ban on
the ANC. Mandela was freed in 1990.
• 1994: First multiracial elections in which Mandela was
elected President of the new democratic South Africa.
The Past & Present of Africa
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Urbanization
– ½ of African people live in cities.
– Developed national identity, but weakened traditional cultures.
Women
– Upper class/Educated women experienced upward social mobility
– Urban and Rural women experienced few rights as constitutions were
not enforced.
– The educated class is working to make rights better for all women.
Religion
– People in Africa are predominately Christian and Islamic.
– Both religions have met resistance to growth or lack of toleration in
Rwanda (Christians) & Algeria (Muslims).
The UN
– After Independence African countries joined the United Nations.
– In addition to being peacekeepers, the UN has helped with health care,
literacy, economic development, ending racism, imperialism and uneven
distribution of wealth.
Unrest in Latin America
• Gap Between Rich & Poor – tiny elite refused reforms that
threatened their power.
• Social Classes – Upper = Europeans, while Lower = mestizos,
Natives & Africans.
• Population and Poverty – 400 to 600 million in 10 years, led to
poverty.
• Urban Growth – 70% live in cities, poor conditions, but more
opportunity for growth.
• Military Regimes – Caudillos took over Latin American countries,
oppressing and murdering dissenters.
– Augusto Pinochet (1973-1990), in Chile, Pinochet expanded the
economy through capitalism, but this was one of the few successes.
• Democratic Revival – After military regimes of the 1960s – 1970s,
the mid-1980s brought elections after many repressive leaders
stepped aside.
Revolution in Cuba & Regional Issues
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Biography: Fidel Castro
– Leader of the Cuban Revolution and communist dictator of Cuba. He is
responsible for making Cuba a socialist country which has often been at
odds with the United States.
Bay of Pigs
– An unsuccessful invasion of Cuba in 1961, which was sponsored by the
United States. Its purpose was to overthrow Cuban dictator Fidel
Castro.
Cuban Missile Crisis
– Crises that developed as a result of Cuban dictator Fidel Castro’s
decision to allow the Soviet Union to base nuclear missiles in Cuba.
Upon discovery, the United States confronted the Soviet Union and
demanded the missiles be removed. For nearly two weeks, nuclear war
was imminent. Fortunately, diplomacy succeeded and crisis was
averted.
U.S. – Cuba Trade Policies
– The U.S had a trade embargo against Cuba since the Cold War, but
with Cuba no longer a threat this is unlikely to continue.
Drug Wars
– After drug lords made huge profits off of illegal drugs in the 1970s the
U.S. headed up efforts in the 1980s to destroy coca crops and fight
against the spread of drug trafficking and usage.
Mexico
• Politics/PRI
– The Institutional Revolution Party (PRI) held
control of Mexican politics from the Revolution in
1929 until 2000.
• Poverty & Prosperity
– 1970s Economic Boom
• Cause: Change from agriculture to industry.
• Effect: Urbanization & new oil reserves found.
– 1980s Economic Decline
• Cause: Recession put Mexico into debt.
• Effect: The government reduced barriers to foreign
businesses and privatized some industries, in order to
pay off debts.
War & Peace in Central America
• Nicaragua
– Under support of the U.S. the Somoza family was in
control from 1936-1979. After decades of looting the
country a revolutionary group called the Sandinistas
overthrew the government. Then President Reagan
backed a guerilla group called the contras, but the
Sandinistas maintained political control until 1990.
• Guatemala
– Another example of authoritarian control gone wrong
in which the common person struggled with civil war,
repression and poor government. With help from the
U.S. the 30 year civil war ended in 1996, giving rights
to the Guatemalan people.
Argentina & Brazil
Argentina
Brazil
*Spanish descent
* Portugese descent
*Isabel Peron, first
*Military regime fought
female president in
* Urbanization Communism with help
Western Hemisphere.
led to poverty.
from U.S.
* Dirty War: army
* Rich in natural res.
* Rejected monarchy
terrorism of leftist
* Experienced periods in favor of a republic.
guerilla, political
of military rule.
* Squatters fought
enemies in 1976.
* Had democratic
land owners for
* Tried to take
elections in
land during the
Falkland Islands from
1980s.
Landless Movement
Britain, this loss
ended military control.
• Juan Peron & Getulio Vargas improved wages & worker benefits for the urban poor.