Transcript OGT Benchmark: Analyze connections between World War II

Unit 5
• Topic: The Cold War (1945-1991)
• The United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics (USSR) emerged as the two strongest
powers in international affairs. Ideologically
opposed, they challenged one another in a series of
confrontations known as the Cold War. The costs of
this prolonged contest weakened the USSR so that it
collapsed due to internal upheavals as well as
American pressure. The Cold War had social and
political implications in the United States.
Chapter 4: Korea and Vietnam Conflicts
• Content Statement: The Cold War and conflicts in
Korea and Vietnam influenced domestic and
international politics.
• Expectations for Learning: Analyze how the Cold War
and conflicts in Korea and Vietnam influenced
domestic and international politics between the end
of World War II and 1991.
Section 1: Cold War Dominates International Politics
for 45 Years
• Content Elaboration: The Cold War dominated
international politics and impacted domestic politics
in the United States for almost 45 years. The intense
rivalry between the U.S. and the Soviet Union led to
the creation of alliances, an arms race, conflicts in
Korea and Vietnam and brought the world close to
nuclear war with the Cuban Missile Crisis. The Cold
War affected international politics in the Middle East
and Latin America.
Review Items
• NATO/Warsaw Pact alliances
• Arms Race
• Korean War: A conflict that lasted from 1950 to 1953
between North Korea, aided by China, and South
Korea, aided by United Nations forces consisting
primarily of U.S. troops
• Vietnam a conflict, starting in 1954 and ending in
1975, between South Vietnam (later aided by the
U.S., South Korea, Australia, the Philippines,
Thailand, and New Zealand) and the Vietcong and
North Vietnam
• More on these 2 wars later in tis chapter!
JFK
• Election of 1960
• A. 1st time campaign a lot on TV
• B. Candidates
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1. Democrats
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a. JFK--Sen. from Mass and
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LBJ--Sen. from Texas
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2. Republicans
• a. Richard Nixon--Sen. from Cal and
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Henry Cabot Lodge--Sen. from Mass.
C. “Great Debates” (Pic. on page 776)
1. 4 televised debates
2. Answer report questions--2 1/2 min.
3. 70 million watched
4. JFK--younger, poised, clever answers
D. The winner..........
1. JFK wins in a close race 303-219
2. Many states were very close
JFK, cont.
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Background
1. Youngest elected president--43 years old
(TR was younger, but not elected)
2. First Catholic
3. Naval officer during WWII
4. Senator for Massachusetts
5. “New Frontier”
a. make America better
b. energetic and young
c. athletic--sailed and played football
Quote from inaugural address: “Ask not what your
country can do for you--ask what you can do for your
country.”
JFK, cont.
Bay of Pigs
A. Cuba
1. Leader was Fidel Castro
a. At first, we supported him for
overthrowing previous dictator
b. He then announced he was a communist
2. Eisenhower stopped all trade with Cuba
3. Bay of Pigs invasion
a. Anti-Castro Cubans wanted to overthrow
Castro
b. JFK approved of this, but said the U.S.
would not help
JFK, cont.
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c. April 1961--American supported Cubans
invaded the Bay of Pigs in Cuba
d. They thought the Cuban people would
support them
e. They were wrong
f. The invasion was a disaster
g. Many were taken prisoner or killed
h. JFK took full responsibility for it
i. Prisoners released for $50 million in food
and drugs and $3 million cash
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JFK, cont.
• The Berlin Wall: built to separate East Berlin from West Berlin
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A. Nikita Khrushchev (the Soviet leader at this time) and
Kennedy met in June 1961
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1. Khrushchev felt JFK was too
inexperienced and weak
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2. Khrushchev told JFK to get out of West
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Berlin
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3. JFK refused
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4. Khrushchev threatened war
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5. JFK got the army ready
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B. The S.U. responded by building the Berlin Wall
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1. Separated East and West Berlin
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2. To keep people from crossing
Berlin Wall 5:00
Berlin Wall: Wind of Change
Nikita Khrushchev
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Berlin Wall
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JFK, cont.
• Arms race
• A. continues during JFK
• B. JFK builds more and more nukes
• 1. “mutual assured destruction”
• 2. US is now far ahead of SU
JFK, cont.
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Cuban Missile Crisis
A. October 1962--one of the most serious incidents
of the Cold War--the Cuban Missile Crisis
B. Almost led to a nuclear war between the U.S.
and the S.U.
C. We found out Cuba had missile bases
1. This threatened U.S. security
2. Kennedy told American people of the sit.
3. He ordered the navy to stop Soviet ships
from carrying missiles to Cuba
4. Next day: Soviet ships close to Cuba
a. Radio and TV kept Americans informed
b. War looked inevitable
5. October 24, 1962
a. Soviet ships suddenly turn around
b. They returned to S.U.
JFK, cont.
• D. October 26, 1962-Agreement between U.S. and S.U.
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1. Missile bases removed if U.S. agreed not to
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attack Cuba
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2. Kennedy called Khrushchev a peacemaker
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to make him save face
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3. Soviets saw Khrushchev as weak
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4. Khrushchev was removed one year later
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5. Kennedy praised for being tough vs.
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the communists and Khrushchev
Cuban Missile Crisis 5:29
Cuban Missile Crisis video
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JFK, cont.
• Assassination
• A. Kennedy wanted to be re-elected
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B. He went to campaign in Texas to get support
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from the Democratic Party there
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C. Nov. 22, 1963
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1. JFK rode through Dallas
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2. 3 people with him
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a. his wife--Jackie Onassis Kennedy
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b. governor of Texas--John Connally
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c. Connally’s wife
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3. VP Lyndon Johnson was in another car
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4. Gov. Connally and JFK were both shot
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5. No one knew where the shots came from
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6. The car sped away to a hospital
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D. Connally was seriously injured
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E. JFK was dead
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1. Johnson took over as President immediately
JFK, cont.
• F. Lee Harvey Oswald
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1. He was arrested and accused of killing JFK
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2. He denied the charge
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3. Two days later, on live TV, Jack Ruby shot
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and killed Oswald
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4. Questions:
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a. Why did Oswald kill Kennedy?
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b. Did he act alone?
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c. Why did Ruby kill Oswald?
• Warren Commission: One year later, they concluded Oswald
acted alone. This group was led by Chief Justice Earl
Warren. Many still question the conclusion of the Warren
Commission.
Lee Harvey Oswald and Jack Ruby
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Walter Cronkite announces
death of JFK
Cronkite Video
OGT Multiple Choice
• In dealing with the Cuban missile crisis,
Kennedy ordered
• A. an invasion of Cuba to seize the missiles
• B. a naval blockade on all military equipment
being shipped to Cuba
• C. an embargo on grain to the USSR
• D. a general air strike on targets in Cuba
OGT Multiple Choice
• Who was the leader of Cuba during the time of the
Bay of Pigs and the Cuban Missile Crisis?
• A. Nikita Khrushchev
• B. Joseph Stalin
• C. Fidel Castro
• D. Ho Chi Minh
OGT Multiple Choice
• Kennedy’s assassination was investigated by
the
• A. Southern Christian Leadership Conference
• B. Warren Commission
• C. RAND Corporation
• D. Joint Chiefs of Staff
OGT Multiple Choice
• The Bay of Pigs invasion was defeated mainly
because
• A. Castro hid and no one could find him
• B. the Soviet Union threatened nuclear retaliation
• C. Kennedy refused to support the invasion
• D. the Cuban people did not join in on the revolt as
was expected
OGT Extended Response
• You have just learned about the events of the Cuban Missile
Crisis.
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How did this event show that the U.S. was taking a
strong stance against Communism?
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What do you feel would have been the result if the
Soviet ships did not turn around?
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(2 pts for each)
Section 2: The Space Race
• Content Elaboration: The Cold War affected domestic
politics. It led to the Second Red Scare and the rise
of McCarthyism. A space race impelled the U.S. to
increase spending on science education
Space Race
A. US/SU have space race
B. Another part of Cold War
C. Sputnik launched by SU
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1. 1st man-made satellite
2. Oct. 4, 1957
3. 3 months in orbit
D. Sputnik II
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1. carried dog to outer space
2. Nov. 1957
Sputnik and Sputnik II
Space Race, cont.
• E. US reaction
• 1. Vanguard rocket
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a. Dec 6, 1957
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b. disaster
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c. millions watched on TV
• 2. Explorer II
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a. Feb. 1958
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b. first American satellite
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c. succeeded
Space Race, cont.
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3 US afraid
4. We feel our schools are no good
4. National Defense Education Act of 1958
a. $1 billion for more scientists
5. NASA formed: the federal agency that institutes
and administers the civilian programs of the U.S.
government that deal with aeronautical research and
the development of launch vehicles and spacecraft
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a. National Aeronautics and Space Adm.
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--. $4 billion to start
Space Race, cont.
• F. Putting men into space
• 1. 1st done by SU
• a. April 12, 1961
• b. Yari Gagarin—1st person in space
• c. circled globe 1 time
• 2. US
• a. 1st done May 5, 1961
• b. Alan Shepard
• c. lasted 15 minutes
• d. Feb. 20, 1962, John Glenn becomes
1st person to orbit the Earth
Space Race, cont.
• G. U.S. Moon Landing
• 1. JFK challenges nation in 1961
• a. put man on moon by 1970
• 2. Apollo 11
• a. space flight to the moon
• b. July 1969
• c. Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, and
Michael Collins
• d. Armstrong: “That’s one small
step for man, one giant leap for
mankind.”
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OGT Multiple Choice
• Apollo 11 was the lunar landing that fulfilled JFK’s
promise. Who were the astronauts who were involved
in Apollo 11?
• A. Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin
• B. John Glenn and Ed White
• C. Neil Armstrong and John Glenn
• D. Virgil Grissom and Robert Chaffee
OGT Multiple Choice
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The first man in space was
A. Yuri Gagarin
B. Neil Armstrong
C. John Glenn
D. Alan Shephard
OGT Multiple Choice
• (Practice Test Booklet 2005) The first country
to put a man in space was
• A. China
• B. France
• C. Soviet Union
• D. United States
OGT Multiple Choice
• As a result of the Soviet launching of Sputnik the
federal government
• A. passed the National Defense Education Act to
produce more scientists and science teachers
• B. appointed Robert Goddard to head the United
States space program
• C. created NASA to coordinate United States space
efforts
• D. both a and c
OGT Extended Response
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Explain the major domestic developments that occurred in the United States
because of the space race.
A. Which two countries were involved in the space
race? (2 pts)
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B. What was the name of the Russian’s first manmade satellite? (1 pts)
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C. What was the Unites States’ reaction to launch
of that satellite? (1 pts)
Section 3: The Korean War
• Content Elaboration: The Korean War also fed into
the communist hysteria of the late 1940s and 1950s.
The United States was able to secure support from
the United Nations fo the defense of South Korea
while the Soviet Union was boycotting the Security
Council.
Korean War
Part of Containment Theory
• I. War in Korea
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A. After WWII, Korea was split up into 2
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1. North--controlled by Soviet Union
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a. communist
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b. had no free elections
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2. South--controlled by the U.S.
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a. could elect own government
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B. U.S. and Soviets left Korea in 1949
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C. North Korea invade South Korea in 1950
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1. UN said this was wrong
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2. Truman sent American troops to help
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Korean War, cont.
• The Korean War Lasted Three Years
• A. The U.S. was the main country that
helped SK.
• B. Truman called it a ‘police action’ instead of
war
• C. Goal--drive North Koreans back out of S.
Korea
Korean War, cont.
• MacArthur’s Counterattack
• A. General Douglas MacArthur was in charge of our
troops during the Korean War
• B. N. Korea had driven us almost out of Korea
• C. MacArthur then counterattacks the rear of the
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N. Korean army
• D. We begin to win, and N. Korea was near defeat
General Douglas MacArthur
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Korean War, cont.
• China Enters the War
• A. China said that if the U.S. invaded N. Korea, they
would join the war on the side of N. Korea
• B. MacArthur did not believe they would
• C. We invaded N. Korea
• D. MacArthur was wrong--China entered the war
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1. 300,000 Chinese attacked the U.S. in 1950
• E. The U.S. were pushed back into S. Korea
Korean War, cont.
• Truman Fires MacArthur
• A. General MacArthur asks Truman for
permission to bomb China
• B. Truman feared this would bring the Soviet
Union into the war--he said “no”
• C. MacArthur then asks Congress for
permission
• D. This angers Truman, so he fires
MacArthur in ‘51
Korean War, cont.
• End of the war:
• A. Peace talks began in July of 1951
• B. Disagreement:
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1. The UN wanted prisoners to be able to
choose which Korea they wanted to live in
• 2. The Communists wanted all prisoners to
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return to their homeland
• C. Negotiations lasted two years
• D. Agreement reached July of 1953.
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1. Prisoners could go where they choose
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2. Two different countries formed
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a. North Korea
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b. South Korea
Korean War, cont.
• Aftermath of the Korean War
• A. A 2 1/2 mile neutral zone formed
between N. and S. Korea
• B. U.S. troops stayed in S. Korea to
protect
• C. U.S. gave money to S. Korea
Korean War, cont.
• D. Ike promised to end Korea “police action”
• E. Panmunjom--peace negotiations
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1. neither side gained much
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2. border put back near 38th parallel
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3. 35,000 U.S. killed
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4. threat of nuclear war ends
OGT Multiple Choice
• The result of the Korean War was
• A. The North Koreans took control of South Korea
and made it communist
• B. The South Koreans took control of North Korea
and made it free
• C. China took control of both Koreas
• D. basically a tie, with neither side gaining much
land
OGT Multiple Choice
• The armistice that ended the Korean War
resulted in
• A. all of Korea becoming Communist
• B. Korea being divided near the 38th parallel
• C. all of Korea becoming free and democratic
• D. the Chinese gaining control of Korea
OGT Multiple Choice
• After World War II, Korea was divided into two. Which of
the following is true about Korea after World War II?
• A. North Korea was communist and controlled by the
Soviet Union and South Korea was free and controlled by
the United States.
• B. South Korea was communist and controlled by the
Soviet Union and North Korea was free and controlled by
the United States.
• C. North Korea was communist and controlled by the
United States and South Korea was free and controlled by
the Soviet Union.
• D. South Korea was communist and controlled by the
United States and North Korea was free and controlled by
the Soviet Union.
OGT Multiple Choice
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(Practice Test Booklet 2005) From 1950 to 1953, the United States
fought a “police action” in Asia to prevent communism from
spreading to
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South Korea
South Vietnam
Japan
China
OGT Multiple Choice
• Who was the man in charge of our
troops during the Korean War?
• A. Dwight Eisenhower
• B. George Patton
• C. Douglas MacArthur
• D. Norman Schwartzkopf
OGT Short Answer
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The Korean War was undeclared war between the United States and
North Korea. How did this war prove that the foreign policy of the
United States was changing? (2 points)
Section 4: The Vietnam War
• Content Elaboration: The Vietnam War divided the
country and sparked massive protests. Spending for
the war came at the expenxse of the domestic
programs launched by President Johnson. This led to
urban unrest in the 1960s. The Vietnam War was a
dominant issue in the presidential campaigns of 1968
and 1972. The difficulties and eventual withdrawal
from Vietnam led to concerted efforts on part of the
U.S. to find allies in future conflicts.
Vietnam War
• The Vietnam War is another part of the
Containment--DO NOT ALLOW
COMMUNISM TO SPREAD!
• This War stretches across the 40’s,
50’s, 60’s, and 70’s--only part of which
the United States is a participant.
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UH-1D helicopters airlift members of the 2nd Battalion, 14th
Infantry Regiment from the Filhol Rubber Plantation area to a
new staging area, during Operation "Wahiawa," a search and
destroy mission conducted by the 25th Infantry Division,
northeast of Cu Chi, Vietnam.
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• 1940’s Background: War in Indochina
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A. Indochina
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1. Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia
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B. Vietnam liberated from Japan in 1945
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1. Ho Chi Minh—Communist leader of North
Vietnam
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2. Democratic Republic of Vietnam
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C. French
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1. sent 15,000 troops to Vietnam
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2. wanted to control Vietnam
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D. United States
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1. containment
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2. gave millions to French
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3. fight war on communism
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Ho Chi Minh
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• E. China
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1. helped Ho Chi Minh
• F. Dienbienphu
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1. Vietnamamese surround French
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2. large French defeat
• G. May 8, 1954
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1. Meeting in Geneva, Switzerland
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2. France, GB, SU, China, and US
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3. Vietnam split into two
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a. North--Communist (Ho Chi Minh)
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b. South--free (Bao-Dai)
“Run Through the Jungle”
by CCR (3:30) YouTube
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IC4
tpeN6pj4
• 1950’s: Problems in Vietnam
• A. Deal from Geneva, 1954
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1. Vietnam united and free elections by July ‘56
• B. South Vietnam--Ngo Dinh Diem
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1. did not want this
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2. U.S. agreed with him
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3. South Vietnam refuses elections
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4. Viet Minh & Communists attack S. Vietnam
• C. U.S.
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1. gave South Vietnam millions
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2. now sent advisors to help
Geneva Conference
• D. National Liberation Front (NLF)
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1. want to overthrow Diem
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2. reunite Vietnam
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3. Diem calls them the Viet Cong
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a. means “Vietnamese Communists”
• E. JFK
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1. sends more advisors--16,000 of them
• F. Diem overthrown
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1. Nov. 2, 1963
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2. Diem murdered
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3. Things look bad for South Vietnam
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***JFK does not live to make next move.
G. Viet Cong--another pro communist group.
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1. They began to invade South Vietnam
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2. U.S gives support & weapons to S.
Vietnam
• H. South Vietnam could not handle the Viet
Cong,so the U.S. changed from ADVISOR to
PARTICIPANT
• 1960’s: The Vietnam War
• A. History
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1. Eisenhower: military weapons and
economic help to South Vietnam
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2. Kennedy: sent military advisors to SV
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3. Johnson: Sent only non-combat troops
• B. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
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1. August 1964--two U.S. ships attacked off
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coast of North Vietnam
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2. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution--”the right to take
all necessary steps to protect American
forces in Vietnam”
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3. Johnson used it to increase troops
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4. By 1966, there were 400,000 troops there
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5. U.S. starts aerial bombs
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6. Congress never declared war
• C. Viet Cong reeked havoc in south
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1. they were easily defeated
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2. however, they were replenished by North
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Vietnamese
• D. 1968--Obvious the war would last long and we
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might not win
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1. Johnson stops bombing North Vietnam
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2. Sets up meeting:
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a. North Vietnam
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b. South Vietnam
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c. the United States
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3. Meeting held in Paris, France in 1968
4. Meeting did little to end the war
• The Tet Offensive
• A. Tet is the Vietnamese New Year
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1. They launched surprise attack
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2. they did not win the battle militarily
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3. this surprise attack made Americans
further question why we were in Vietnam
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• 1970’s: The Politics of Protest
• A. People wondered why we were in Vietnam
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1. reports of large U.S. victory
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2. same day, reports of U.S. loss
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3. T.V. brought home the horrors of war
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4. people didn’t know who to believe
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5. anti-war movement became more vocal
• 6. U.S. government spent too much on war and
not enough on domestic problems = protest
Award winning Photograph
Officer shoots man (An execution of a Vietcong
prisoner) February 1, 1968
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• Leaving Vietnam
• A. Jan. 27, 1973--cease-fire between N.
Vietnam and United States.
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1. U.S. agreed to take all troops out of SV
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2. NV agreed to release all POW’s
• B. “Vietnamization” did not work
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1. South Vietnam was too weak
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2. they could not stand alone
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3. army fell apart
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4. Communist NV took over SV in April of
1975
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Summary of the Vietnam War
A. longest war in U.S. history up to that point
B. 58,000 Americans killed; 365,000 were wounded
C. Total cost was $150 billion
D. The war lessened U.S citizens’ respect for their
government
E. The war caused confusion about the nation’s role
in world affairs
F. War Powers Act passed--requires the President
to explain to Congress within 48 hours
whenever American troops were to be sent
into a foreign country
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OGT Multiple Choice
• As a result of the 1954 Geneva conference,
Vietnam
• A. was returned to French control.
• B. was turned over to the control of Ho Chi
Minh.
• C. was divided into a northern Communist
section and a southern free section.
• D. was occupied by a United Nations
peacekeeping force
OGT Multiple Choice
• These 2 countries were west of Vietnam and were a part of
Indochina.
• A. China and Hong Kong
• B. Japan and Korea
• C. Laos and Cambodia
• D. Manchuria and Singapore
OGT Multiple Choice
• As a result of their defeat in the battle of
Dienbienphu, the
• A. Russians withdrew from Austria
• B. United States withdrew from Egypt
• C. Japanese withdrew from Taiwan
• D. French withdrew from Vietnam
OGT Multiple Choice
• Which is true about the Tet Offensive?
• A. The battle was not a surprise to the United States.
• B. The attack was a military victory by the
Vietnamese.
• C. The attack made Americans further question why
we were in Vietnam.
• D. The attack was not made on a Vietnamese holiday
OGT Multiple Choice
• He was a Vietnamese Communist who led the
Viet Minh troops to victory. He was
• A. Bao-Dai
• B. Ho Chi Minh
• C. Mao Zedong
• D. Mossadegh
OGT Multiple Choice
• The leader of South Vietnam who was overthrown in
1963 was
• A. Ngo Dinh Diem
• B. Mao Tse-tung
• C. Viet Minh
• D. Ho Chi Minh
OGT Multiple Choice
• There was a major shift in American public opinion
against the Vietnam War as a result of
• A. the Tonkin Gulf Resolution
• B. sending U.S. advisors to help the South
Vietnamese army
• C. the 1968 Tet Offensive
• D. the 1965 peace offensive
OGT Multiple Choice
• (The incident that prompted Congress to pass the
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Tonkin Gulf Resolution was
A. the first American bombing raids against North
Vietnam
B. the assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem
C. the invasion of South Vietnam by the North
D. an attack by North Vietnamese gunboats on two
U.S. destroyers
OGT Multiple Choice
• In regard to Vietnam in the 1950’s, the United
States
• A. supported the existing government
• B. declared its neutrality
• C. sent American forces to put down guerrilla
fighting
• D. sent millions of dollars to aid France
•
OGT
Short
Answer
(2005 Practice Test) During times of war or perceived danger to the
United States, groups of Americans have been singled out as
potentially disloyal to the country. For example, during World War
I, patriotic support for the war led to a distrust and persecution of
German-Americans. In some places, German language instruction
was forbidden, and German culture and heritage were subject to
discrimination.
•
Identify a group of Americans that was
targeted as potentially disloyal in the years
between 1940 and 1985. (1 point)
•
Explain why this group was targeted. (1
point)