Transcript FDR _ New-Deal_ppt2 - Hialeah Senior High School

Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Appeal
• In the election of 1932;
President Herbert Hoover
faced Franklin Roosevelt.
• Roosevelt was the
Democratic governor of New
York.
• His campaign promised a
New Deal for Americans.
• Results: a landslide for
Democrats. Once in office;
Roosevelt set to work to
solve the problems of the
Great Depression.
FDR Restored Confidence
• In his inaugural
address, he said
“The only thing we
have to fear is fear
itself….”
•He promised vigorous leadership; bold
action;called for discipline;cooperation;
expressed his faith in democracy;
asked for divine protection and
guidance.
Purposes of the New Deal
• Relief:
to provide
jobs for the
unemployed and to
protect farmers from
foreclosure
• Recovery: to get
the economy back
into high gear,
“priming the pump”
•Reform: To regulate banks, to abolish child
labor, and to conserve farm lands
•Overall objective: to save Capitalism and
Democracy.
The First Hundred Days
First New Deal (1933-1934)
Emergency Banking Act (1933)
• The day he took office; Roosevelt declared
a bank holiday.
• It closed all banks for 4 days.
• Permitted reopening only upon Treasury
department inspection that demonstrated sufficient
cash reserves
• Deposits exceeded withdrawals
• Bank closures dropped from 4000 to 61 (19331934) Capitalism was saved in eight days.
Glass-Steagall Act:
• Created Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
(FDIC)
• Insures the money people deposit in banks. FDIC
still operates today.
National Recovery Act (NRA)
• Purpose: Economic
Recovery
• Goals:
• Helped business develop
codes of fair competition
within industries.
• Regulated how much
business could produce and
how much they can charge.
• Included codes of minimum
wage, maximum work
hours, right to join unions.
First Agricultural Adjustment Act
(AAA)
• Purpose: Farm Relief &
Rural Development
• Goals:
• Paid farmers to destroy
crops in order to reduce
crop surpluses.
• Made payments called
subsidies to farmers to
stop planting land.
• Did not help tenant
farmers, many of whom
were African-Americans
Federal Emergency Relief Admin
(FERA)
• Purpose: Relief Programs
• Goals:
• Gave federal money to state
& local governments for
work relief
projects.
• Included projects to build
sewers, schools,
playgrounds, parks and
airports.
Civilian Conservation Corp (CCC)
• Purpose: Reform
• Goals:
• Provided paid jobs,
housing, and food to
men between the ages
of 18 and 25.
• They received $30 per
month, but $25 went
back to the family
• Conversation Projects
Replanted forests, built
up sand on beaches,
and did maintenance
work in parks.
Tennessee Valley Authority
(TVA)
• Purpose: Farm Relief &
Rural
Development(Appalachia)
• Goals:
-Built 20 dams on the Tenn.
River and its tributaries in 7
southern states
-Provided cheap electricity
-Helped keep rivers from
flooding.
Public Works
Administration (PWA)
• Purpose: Relief
Programs
• Goals:
-Provided jobs building
dams, highways,
bridges, schools,
sewer systems, and
public buildings.
Fort Peck Dam in Montana; spillway
construction. One of the largest dams
in the world, it continues to generate
electricity; in July 1936 its construction
employed 10,500 workers.
• The New Deal had critics on both the
Political Right and the Political Left.
The right wanted a balanced budget
for the federal government.
• The Great Depression had eased by
1935 but unemployment was still high
and the government had a large
deficit.
• The President was forced to rethink
the government’s efforts to lead the
country toward recovery.
The President decided to form an alliance
with the working class; organized labor;
and the poor. To raise more money; he
proposed an increase in tax rates on the
incomes of wealthy people and on large
corporations. These changes formed the
basis of the Second
New Deal.
Second New Deal (1934-1941)
• Emphasis: reform
• Political Position: liberal
• Primary aim: permanent
reform
• Philosophy: international
economic cooperation and
economic abundance
Objectives: increased purchasing power and social
security for public
Beneficiaries: small farmers and
labor,elderly,disabled.
Social Security Act (SS)
• Purpose: Aid Elderly &
Disabled
• Goal:
• Provided monthly payments to retired
older workers
• Provided monthly payments to those
with disabilities and to families with
children whose parent(s) passed away.
• Included unemployment insurance;
which provided monthly payments to
the unemployed for a short period of
time.
National Labor Relations Act (NLRA)
Wagner Act
• Purpose: Reform
• Goals:
• Allowed collective
bargaining (negotiating
between an employer and
a union for wages; hours;
and benefits)
• Set up the National Labor
Relations Board to
supervise elections for
workers to decide whether
to organize a union
Works Progress Administration
(WPA)
• Purpose: Reform
• Goals:
• Provided jobs building
highways; roads; streets;
public building; parks;
bridges; and airports
• Created work for artists;
writers; photographers;
actors; and musicians
• Included an emphasis on
jobs for women
National Youth Administration
(NYA)
• Purpose: Reform
• Goals:
• Provided part-time
work for young people
16 to 25
• Enabled high school
and college students
to remain in school
and to learn skills
Fair Labor Standards Act
(FLSA)
• Purpose: Reform
• Goals:
• Set maximum 40
hour work week
• Set the minimum
wage at $.25 an hour
• Ended employment
of children under 16
Anti-New Deal Organization
– Conservative
opponents to the
New Deal had an
organization called
the American Liberty
League. They had
money but were
small in numbers, so
FDR was not
worried.
Senator Huey Long (LA)
• Senator Huey Long said
New Deal relief measures
were mere crumbs and
advocated a share the
wealth plan (i.e., a
guaranteed annual income
of at least $5,000 for every
American, financed by
confiscating wealth of
people who made over $5
million per year).
Father Charles E. Coughlin
• Father Charles Coughlin was
a rabble-rousing radio priest
from Detroit. His broadcasts
were called the “Golden Hour
of the Little Flower.” He
claimed there was an
international bankers
conspiracy and Jews were
responsible. He advocated
nationalization of banking
and currency and national
resources and demanded a
“living wage.”
Dr. Francis E. Townsend
• Dr. Francis E. Townsend
was an elderly physician
from CA. He had a plan for
the federal government to
pay $200 per month to
unemployed people over
60. The program would be
financed by a 2% national
sales tax and each
pensioner would be
required to spend the
money in 30 days. This
would stimulate the
economy.
Moderate Legislation
• FDR sponsored moderate legislation to silence
radical opposition:
– Revenue Act of 1935 – Response to Huey Long.
Increased taxes on large incomes and
corporations.
– Banking Act of 1935 – Response to Coughlin.
Extended federal control
over private banking practices.
– Social SecurityAct of 1935
Response to Townsend.
Included provisions for
unemployables (dependent children, the
disabled, blind), unemployment insurance, and
old-age pensions.
The Election of 1936
• The Election of 1936:
– Made the Democratic
party the majority party
– Created a new
Democratic coalition
composed of both
traditional elements and
new elements
– Showed that the
American people
rejected radical
solutions to depression
Protection of New Deal
Accomplishments
• Steps FDR took to protect New
Deal accomplishments (both
failed):
– Court-Packing Plan (proposed
increasing Supreme Court
from 9 to 15 members, caused
in revolt in Dem. Party)
– Purge of the Democratic Party
in the Election of 1938 (came
out strongly in favor of liberal
Dem. Candidates, evidence
that he interfered in a state
campaign, Republicans gained
strength in both houses of
Congress)
Decline of New Deal Reform after 1937
• Reasons for decline of New Deal reform after
1937:
• Court-packing plan made Congress irritable.
• Recession of 1937-38 weakened confidence in
New Deal measures. Republicans gained
strength in both houses.
• Attempted purge of Democratic party failed.
• Conservative Democrats were elected to office.
Resentful of attempted party purge, they joined
ranks with Republicans to block New Deal
legislation.
• Increasing focus on foreign affairs.
Failures of the New
Deal
• Social Security did
not cover tenant
farmers; farm
workers or
household workers.
Many were AfricanAmerican
• NLRA and Wagner
Act did not cover
farm workers eithermost were Latinos
• Eleanor Roosevelt worked hard to get
women & African American included in
the New Deal.
• African Americans started to protest
their treatment.
• As a result, the President began to
appoint African Americans to
important government posts. His
informal advisors were known as the
Black Cabinet.
• By the late
1930s; the
economic
recovery was
still uncertain.
Unemployment
remained high.
• However;
people fell more
confident about
the future.