1450-1750

UNIT 4: GLOBAL INTERACTIONS 1450CE-1750CE(EARLY MODERN)

Flash write! 2 min to generate a list of as many people, places, events during the Global Interactions Period! SILENCE!!!

DESCRIBE THE DEGREE OF GLOBAL ‘INTERCONNECTION’ AFTER 1500 CE COMPARED TO BEFORE 1500.

• By the year 1500, many discoveries in Europe allowed them to travel further, connecting them to the Indian Ocean trade routes as well as to the new world. This was a major increase in global ‘interconnectedness,’ as these regions had been previously relatively isolated.

WHERE DID ZHENG HE AND THE CHINESE TREASURE FLEETS TRAVEL?

• Official Chinese maritime activity expanded into the Indian Ocean region with the naval voyages led by Ming Admiral Zheng He which enhanced Chinese prestige.

HOW WERE ETHNIC AND RELIGIOUS MINORITIES TREATED IN VARIOUS EMPIRES?

• • • •

Blacks were considered inferior in the Americas as they were slaves. This means that they were exploited as a labor force and had less rights.

-Native Americans were considered to be savages by the Europeans, which led to conflicts between the two.

-Cults in Mexico convulsed the Church. Missionaries attempted to convert the cults through peaceful and violent methods

WHAT ROLE DID RELIGION PLAY IN LEGITIMIZING POLITICAL RULE?

• Rulers used religious ideas to legitimize their rule. (such as European notions of divine right, the Safavid use of Shiism, the Mexica or Aztec practice of human sacrifice, the Songhay promotion of Islam or the Chinese emperors’ public performance of Confucian rituals)

WHAT ROLE DID SILVER PLAY IN FACILITATING A TRULY GLOBAL SCALE OF TRADE?

• Commercialization and the creation of a global economy were intimately connected to new global circulation of silver from the Americas. ( Potosi, manila Galleons)

WHAT WERE UNINTENTIONAL BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE?

• European colonization of the Americas led to the spread of diseases endemic in the Eastern Hemisphere. (such as smallpox, measles or influenza) among Amerindian populations and the unintentional transfer of pests. (such as mosquitoes or rats)

HOW DID THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE AFFECT RELIGION(S)?

• Syncretic forms of religion developed. (such as African influences in Latin America (Voodoo), interactions between Amerindians and Catholic missionaries, or Sikhism between Muslims and Hindus in India and Southeast Asia)

• • • •

WHAT WERE THE MAJOR NOTABLE TRANSOCEANIC VOYAGES BETWEEN 1450-1750 CE?

1492: Christopher Columbus discovered the Caribbean on a Spanish funded voyage.

Vasco de Gama sailed around Africa into the Indian Ocean.

Magellan Circumnavigated the world James Cook helped create an accurate map of the world

• • • • • • WHAT TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENTS MADE TRANSOCEANIC EUROPEAN TRAVEL & TRADE POSSIBLE?

Caraval Astrolabe New Maps Monsoon winds knowledge Volto do mar Wind Wheels

European technological developments in cartography and navigation built on previous knowledge developed in the classical, Islamic, and Asian worlds, and included the production of new tools and innovations in ship designs, and an improved understanding of global wind and currents patterns — all of which made transoceanic travel and trade possible.

DESCRIBE LABOR SYSTEMS IN THE NEW WORLD DURING TIME PERIOD 4

• • • • Mita- adapted from the Incas, indigenous people would work several months out of the year in Spanish mines or Haciendas Encomienda’s- Conquistadors were given plots of land where they controlled all the land resources people on that territory Chattel Slavery Indentured Servitude

THIS PHOTOGRAPH REFLECTS THE ARCHITECTURAL STYLE PREFERRED BY WHICH EMPIRE?

WHAT PLANTS/ANIMALS WERE DELIBERATELY TRANSFERRED ACROSS THE ATLANTIC AS PART OF THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE? • • • • • Horses ( Afro-Eurasia) Cattle ( Afro-Eurasia) Pigs( Afro-Eurasia) Okra ( Africa) Rice Afro-Eurasian fruit trees, grains, sugar, and domesticated animals were brought by Europeans to the Americas, while other foods were brought by

African slaves

WHERE DID TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENTS THAT MADE TRANSOCEANIC EUROPEAN TRAVEL & TRADE POSSIBLE ORIGINATE?

WHAT WERE EFFECTS OF THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE?

HOW DID THE ROLE OF AFRICA, THE AMERICAS, ASIA, AND EUROPE DEVELOP IN THIS NEW WORLD-WIDE POLITICAL ORDER? -Africa supplied the labor force (slaves) for empires in some colonies -the Americas became the site of new colonies of the Spanish and British Empires -Asia-In the seventeenth century Chinese and Japanese citizens participated in the growing opportunities as colonists. Site of European trading empires.

-Europe- Great Britain and Spanish civilizations had empires. Portugal and the Netherlands had more of a trading empire in Southeast Asia.