INTRODUCTION TO LAW-

SECOND PART

Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu IŞIKSUNGUR

Yaşar University Faculty of Economics andAdministrative Science Introduction to Law – Lecture Notes

PRIVATE LAW

Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2013; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010

PRIVATE LAW-SUMMARY

 Concerned with relations and conflicts among individuals as private persons  All persons are considered equal--- equality in acquiring private rights  Basis of legal obligations: Voluntary agreements  Legal obligations: Usually billateral agreements Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2013; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010

BRANCHES OF PRIVATE LAW

 Civil Law  Commercial Law  Private International Law Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2013; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010

CIVIL LAW

 Legal rules related to      Personality Marriage, family relations Property Succession obligations  The fundamental source of Turkish civil law is CIVIL CODE   First Turkish Civil Code was adopted from Switzerland in 1926 In 2002, new version of Civil Code was enacted Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2013; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010

CIVIL LAW- Turkish Civil Code

 Consist of   A Preliminary Chapter and Four Books     Book One---- Law of Persons (Article 8-117) Book Two----- Family Law (Article 118-494) Book Three----- Law of Succession (Article 495-682) Book Four------ Law of Property (Article 683-1027) Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2013; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010

CIVIL LAW -Preliminary Chapter of Turkish Civil Code

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Preliminary Chapter of Turkish Civil Code

   Give idea about basic concepts of private law Article 1-7 Provisions regulated in “Preliminary Chapter” are the general principles which are applicable to all legal relations Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2013; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010

CIVIL LAW Preliminary Chapter of Turkish Civil Code

 Article 1 of Civil Code A-Application and sources of Law : “The law must be applied in all cases which come with in the letter or the spirit of any of its provisions.

Where no written provision is applicable, the judge shall decide according to customary law and, in default there of, according to the rules which he would lay down if he, himself had to act as legislator.

Herein he must be guided by legal doctrine and case law.

”  Law Making Function of Judge Application of legal orders: written provisions-customary law-judge made law Where written provisions are inapplicable, the judge should decide according to a- the existing customary law b- in default there of, the rules he would lay down, if he himself had to act as legislator.

Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2013; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010

CIVIL LAW-Preliminary Chapter of Turkish Civil Code

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Article 2 of Civil Code

   Conduct in good faith “Every person is bound to exercise his rights and fulfill his obligations according to the principles of good faith The legal order does not sanction the manifest abuse of a right” 

Article 3 of Civil Code

 Bona fides  “Bona fides is presumed whenever the existence of a legal position is dependent on the observance of good faith.

However, no person can plead bona fides in any case where he has failed to exercise the degree of care required by circumstances.

” Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2013; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010

CIVIL LAW-Preliminary Chapter of Turkish Civil Code

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Article 4 of Civil Code

 Judge’s Discretion  “Where the law leaves a point the discreation of the judge or directs him to circumstances of the case into consideration or to appreciate whether a legitimate ground exists, he must base his decision on principles of justice and equity ” 

Discretion

 Public servant   For fulfillment of any assignment or attitude Liberty to act  Judge’s discretion---limited  Law making- discretion----Differences  Law making  No provision applicable (neither in the law nor in the customary law) to the legal conflict  Discretion  There is applicaple legal rules but GENERAL   Within the limits mentioned in the laws- choices Interpretation and fill in the gaps Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2013; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010

CIVIL LAW-Preliminary Chapter of Turkish Civil Code

 Using of judicial discretion   No arbitrary(keyfi) usage Act in conformity with the followings:      Within the limits of discretion Abide by the conditions (if mentioned) required by law Equity rule Choice should be compatible with laws Legal grounds(gerekçe)– reasons should be mentioned  Briefly: judge shall take into consideration     The position of the parties the characteristics of the conflict Equity Law Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2013; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010

CIVIL LAW: Preliminary Chapter of Turkish Civil Code

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Article 5 of Civil Code

 “The general provisions of this Code and Code of Obligations apply mutatis mutandis to all private law relations” 

Article 6 of Civil Code

 Burden of Proof  “In the absence of a special provision to the contrary, each party is bound to prove the existence of the facts on which he bases his right. 

Article 7 of Civil Code

  Proof by public documents “Entries made in public registries and official deeds(duly authenticated documents) are sufficient evidence of the facts which they state.

 The proof of inaccuracy of these is not required to be in any special form unless otherwise provided for by law Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2013; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010

CIVIL LAW- Preliminary Chapter of Turkish Civil Code

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MEDENİ KANUN Kanun No. 4721 Kabul Tarihi : 22.11.2001 BAŞLANGIÇ A. Hukukun uygulanması ve kaynakları

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MADDE 1.-

Kanun, sözüyle ve özüyle değindiği bütün konularda uygulanır.

Kanunda uygulanabilir bir hüküm yoksa, hâkim, örf ve âdet hukukuna göre, bu da yoksa kendisi kanun koyucu olsaydı nasıl bir kural koyacak idiyse ona göre karar verir. Hâkim, karar verirken bilimsel görüşlerden ve yargı kararlarından yararlanır.

B. Hukukî ilişkilerin kapsamı I. Dürüst davranma MADDE 2.-

Herkes, haklarını kullanırken ve borçlarını yerine getirirken dürüstlük kurallarına uymak zorundadır.

Bir hakkın açıkça kötüye kullanılmasını hukuk düzeni korumaz.

II. İyiniyet MADDE 3.-

Kanunun iyiniyete hukukî bir sonuç bağladığı durumlarda, asıl olan iyiniyetin varlığıdır.

Ancak, durumun gereklerine göre kendisinden beklenen özeni göstermeyen kimse iyiniyet iddiasında bulunamaz. Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2013; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010

CIVIL LAW- Preliminary Chapter of Turkish Civil Code

III. Hâkimin takdir yetkisi MADDE 4.-

Kanunun takdir yetkisi tanıdığı veya durumun gereklerini ya da haklı sebepleri göz önünde tutmayı emrettiği konularda hâkim, hukuka ve hakkaniyete göre karar verir.

C. Genel nitelikli hükümler MADDE 5.-

Bu Kanun ve Borçlar Kanununun genel nitelikli hükümleri, uygun düştüğü ölçüde tüm özel hukuk ilişkilerine uygulanır.

D. İspat kuralları I. İspat yükü MADDE 6.-

Kanunda aksine bir hüküm bulunmadıkça, taraflardan her biri, hakkını dayandırdığı olguların varlığını ispatla yükümlüdür.

II. Resmî belgelerle ispat MADDE 7.-

Resmî sicil ve senetler, belgeledikleri olguların doğruluğuna kanıt oluşturur. Bunların içeriğinin doğru olmadığının ispatı, kanunlarda başka bir hüküm bulunmadıkça, her hangi bir şekle bağlı değildir. Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2013; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010

IMPORTANT!

 The rules regulating obligations between private persons are codified in a sperate code: Code of Obligation  First Turkish Code of Obligation was adopted from Switzerland in 1926  In 2011, new version of Code of Obligation was adopted.

 But, Code of Obligation is regarded as an integral part of the Civil Code  The Code of Obligations consists of two main parts:  General Principles  Specials provisions ---- sale of goods ,(satım) loans,(ödünç) agency,(velakaet) , rent (kira) Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2013; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010

CIVIL LAW-Law of persons

 Concerns the legal existence of person  Article 8 of Civil Code “Every person can be subject of rights, within limits imposed by law, they have an equal capacity to posses rights and duties”  Persons can be subject of rights under Civil Code (animals and things can only be objects over which the rights exercised)  Legal personality begins with birth  Legal personality ends at death 

Between conception (ceninin ana rahmine düşmesi) and birth

Code) , the child is deemed to have legal capacity, on condition that the child borns alive (Article 28/II of Civil Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2013; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010

CIVIL LAW-Law of persons

 Persons are subjects of private law  Law gives rights and imposes duties 

Law of Persons-

rules regulating the relationships of person in matters such as the creation and termination of personality, legal capacity of person, the protection of dignity and honour of the person  Classification of Persons   Real persons Legal person--- (Example: a corporation, a foundation vakıf, a professional association-meslek birliği)   Private Public Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2013; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010

CIVIL LAW-Capacity

 Only a person who has legal capacity may enjoy certain rights under the law   The law shall recognize the acts of the person as having legal effect Ex: Contract – The person who doesn’t have capacity is not entitled under law to enter into contractual relations- if does the contract shall be void or voidable depending on the type of the incapacity involved  The legal capacity of legal persons differs from that of real person.

 They can acquire rights, own property, incur contractual liability, sue (to be sued)  No family relations Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2013; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010

CIVIL LAW-Capacity

Capacity   capacity to act : fiil ehliyeti, hakları kullanma ehliyeti capacity to be the subject of right: hak ehliyeti ; haklardan yararlanma ehliyeti Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2013; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010

CIVIL LAW-Law of Persons

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The conditions of capacity to act of real persons

   To attain majority--- Majority(Rüşt) is attained by reaching age of 18 years   Under 18 years- by marriage may attain majority (man 17, woman 15) By court decision     Completion of age of 15 years Demand for having majority To be heard of legal representative benefit Maturity- (Compos mentis mümeyiz olmak)(iyiyi kötüden ayırabilme durumu)    To be under age (yaş küçüklüğü) Mental disorder Mental defect (akıl zayıflığı)  Drunkenness (sarhoşluk) Not to be legal incapacity (Kısıtlı olmamak) Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2013; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010

CIVIL LAW-Law of Persons

 Classification of real person with respect to their capacity    

Full capacity

 Shall be responsible from illegal attitutes

Limited capacity to act-- Sınırlı ehliyetli

  Attained majority Can not realise some transactions by themselves  Permission is required for some transactions

Partial incapacity –Sınırlı ehliyetsiz Full incapacity

   Has no maturity Transactions are not valid They are not responsible Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2013; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010

CIVIL LAW- Law of Succession

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Law of Succession:

Body of rules applied to determine who will inherit the property of the deceased and how the estate will be divided if there is more than one heir 

Deceased

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Estate

: The person who dies : The totality of the property belonging to a person  Deals  with passage of a person’s property rights at his death Article 35/1 of Constitution “Every person has the right to own and inherit property”  Regulated in Civil Code (Article 485-682)  General rule: In the absence of an express provision made by deceased person, his estate (tereke) will go to his close relatives upon his/her death.If there is no one to State.

 People are free to dispose of their property at their death  People may execute will – they may leave their property to real or legal person they as they choose Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2013; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010

CIVIL LAW- Law of Succession

Heirs (mirasçılar)

 Two types of heirs:  Statutory  Appointed

Statutory Heirs

  Expressly provided for by the Civil Code The heirs:  the first line --- descendants (füru-altsoy) of the deceased person  Second line----If the deceased person left no descendants, the parents ( usûl, üst soy) and their descendants  Third line--- his grandparents and their descendants  Among the members of each parental those nearest in degree take the priority over those removed. Any predeceased person in any degree will be represented by his/her descendents   Surviving successors Equality between male and female successors Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2013; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010

CIVIL LAW- Law of Succession

Types of heirs Appointed

 Expressly and specifically designated by the deceased in a will  According to our Civil Code, all persons having the requisite capacity, exercising sound judgement and who have completed 15 year have testamentary capacity.

    The person can dispose of his/her estate at death by a will prepared during his /her lifetime May choose the heirs and the method of distribution of the estate Unless the validity of the testament is contested the last will of testator are respected Restrictions on freedom of testamentary disposition:  The rights of statutory heirs are protected by law through reserved portions  Ex. Descendants are entitled to half of the by any of deceased. decesead’s estate and can not be inherited of this share  Inheritence Agreement(contract) —Miras Sözleşmesi  A contract whereby a person promises to leave upon his/her death the entire estate or a spesific part of it to the other party Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2013; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010

CIVIL LAW- Law of Succession

Other person who may INHERIT

 Children born outside of marriage   Recognized by father Whose paternity is established by court May inherit from their father equally to the children who were born within the marrige  Adopted children     Treated the same as legimate natural born children of of the deceased.

Receives the same amount as the other children of deceased The adoptive parents (evlat edinen) will not take from adopted child’s estate if he predeceases them Heirdom of the adopted child will continue in his/her own family  Surviving Spouse     Shares the estate with leaving blood relatives of deceased Together with descendants of deceased-- surviving spouse ¼ Together with second parental of deceased---- surviving spouse Together with grandparents of deceased surviving spouse ½ ¾. If there is no grandmother takes the whole Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2013; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010

CASE 1

 Deceased person died in 1998 as single and childless. Deceased person left two brother . One of this brother died in 2003 as widowed(dul) and having one adopted child.

  Please show the scheme of inheretence of deceased person Please show the portion of inheritence of deceased person Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2013; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010

CASE 2

 Deceased person died in 1962 as married and having 3 children (A,B,C). His wife died in 2000. A died in 2001 as single and childless. B died in 2003 as as widowed(dul) and having two children (one of his child is born outside of marriage but recognized by father)   Please show the scheme of inheretence of deceased person Please show the portion of inheritence of deceased person Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2013; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010

CASE 3

 Deceased person died in 1962 as married and having 3 children (A,B,C). A died in 1998 as widowed(dul) and having two children (one of his child is born outside of marriage but paternity demand rejected by court)  Please show the scheme of inheretence of deceased person  Please show the portion of inheritence of deceased person Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2013; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010