Transcript The Road to World War I - pams-byrd

THE ROAD TO WORLD
WAR I
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IMPERIALISM
We h a v e a l r e a d y
studied
Imperialism as a
foreign policy –
w h e n a s t r o n g e r,
more powerful
nation takes over
a weaker nation
either militarily
o r e c o n o m i c a l l y.
B u t d i d yo u k n o w
imperialism (and
colonialism, as
well) led to fierce
competition
between powerful
nations?
European powers
often found
themselves
desiring the
conquest of the
same places – and
this led to wars!
Closer to home,
yo u m i g h t
consider the
United States’ war
with Spain, which
took place
exclusively in
S p a i n ’s c o l o n i e s :
Cuba, the
Philippines, and
Puerto Rico, not
in the United
States or Spain.
IMPERIALISM CAUSED COMPETITIONS
FOR MILITARY STRENGTH: MILITARISM!
MILITARISM
Nations followed
a policy of
militarism – or
the glorification
of the military –
in order to
accomplish two
goals. First,
they sought to
protect
themselves from
an enemy attack.
S e c o n d l y,
though, they
sought national
glory and
conquest – like
the takeover of
foreign nations.
H e r e , yo u c a n
see how
European powers
used military
force to take
control of – and
keep control of –
most of the
continent of
Africa. France,
England,
G e r ma n y, a n d
Italy controlled
much of Africa
until the 1960s.
NATIONALISM
Nationalism is
just pride in
o n e ’s n a t i o n o r
e t h n i c g r o u p.
I t mi g h t b e
c o mp a r e d t o
p a t r i o t is m i n a
w a y. B u t w h e n
g r o u ps o f
people who do
not have a
political
country of their
own to rule
s t a r t t o d e ma n d
their own
c o u n t r y, i t c a n
l e a d t o ma j o r
conflicts.
R e v o l ut i o n s ,
even! AustriaHungary faced
just this
p r o b le m i n t h e
late 1800s and
early 1900s.
THE
AUSTROHUNGARIAN
EMPIRE
The AustroHungarian
e mp i r e s u ff e r e d
because of too
mu c h
n a t i o n a l i s m. I n
t h e e mp i r e ,
there were
Austrians,
M a g ya r s ,
Bosnians,
Serbians,
R u ma n i a n s ,
Croats, and a
host of other
ethnic and
national groups
who wanted
selfg o v e r n me n t , o r
their own
national
g o v e r n me n t s .
THE
BALKAN
PENINSULA
The Balkan
peninsula,
consisting of
Greece,
Albania, Serbia,
and a plethora
of other
national groups
who sought selfg o v e r n me n t a n d
independence,
was considered
t h e “p o w d e r
keg” of Europe.
M a n y p e o p le
believed these
g r o u ps w o u l d
s o me d a y f i g h t
for
independence
f r o m c o l o n ia l
rulers.
MILITARY
ALLIANCES
Military
Alliances were
defensive
a g r e e me n t s
created between
nations in which
a n a t i o n p l e d ge d
to defend all of
the others in the
group in the
event that they
were attacked
by an outsider.
MILITARY
ALLIANCES
Not only did
mi l i t a r y
alliances cause
s ma l l e r w a r s t o
e r u p t i n t o mu c h
l a rg e r c o n f l i c t s
r a p i d l y, b u t
also, they led to
confusion.
N a t i o n s b e c a me
involved with
wars which
often had little
to do with their
own national
security or
interests.
THE M.A.I.N. CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I
MILITARISM
ALLIANCE SYSTEMS
IMPERIALISM
NATIONALISM
THE TRIPLE
ALLIANCE
The three
nations in the
Tr i p l e A l l i a n c e
were:
 G e r ma n y
 AustriaHungary
 Italy
NOTE: Italy had
p r o mi s e d t o
p r o t e c t G e r ma n y
only against
F r e n c h i n v a s i o n,
and did not join
t h e w a r e ff o r t
against England
and Russia.
THE TRIPLE
ENTENTE
T h e Tr i p l e
Entente –
e n t e n te i s a
French word
me a n i n g
“a g r e e me n t ” –
consisted of
these three
nations:
 France
 Great Britain
 Russia
EUROPE – 1914
THE SPARK
THAT SET
OFF THE
GREAT
WAR
The Archduke
Franz Ferdinand
and his wife
Sophie were
assassinated
during a parade
in Sarajevo. The
m u r d e r e r,
Gavrilo Princip,
was a member of
a Serbian
Nationalist
o rg a n i z a t i o n
called The Black
Hand. AustriaHungary blamed
all of Serbia for
the murders, and
took revenge.
F r a n z ’s d yi n g
words to his wife
S o p h i e : “ Yo u
must live for the
children.”
WAR BETWEEN AUSTRIA AND SERBIA
 Gavrilo Princip, pictured to the
left, murdered the Archduke of
Austria-Hungary. The AustroHungarian Empire, led by
Emperor Franz Joseph soon sent
a list of demands to Serbia –
most of which were impossible
to satisfy – and threatened to
declare war on Serbia if they
were not met. Little did Austria Hungary know that tiny Serbia
had signed a secret treaty – a
defense alliance – with Russia,
the most populous and one of the
most powerful nations in all of
Europe. The war would expand
rapidly from here.
EUROPE AT
WAR, 1914
1. Austria-Hungary
invaded Serbia.
2. Russia declared
war on AustriaHungary. (Secret
Alliance with
Serbia.)
3. Germany
declared war on
Russia. (Triple
Alliance)
4. France declared
war on Germany.
(Triple Entente)
5. England declared
war on Germany.
(Triple Entente)
6. Italy – divided
– begins to fight
France but then
quits the war – only
to later support the
Allies...
EUROPE AT
WAR 1914
T h e ma p t o t h e
left shows the
t r a d i t i on a l v i e w
o f Wo r l d Wa r I
and its principle
c o mb a t a n t s .
The Central
Powers:
G e r ma n y,
AustriaH u n g a r y,
B u l g a r ia , a n d
t h e O t t o ma n
E mp i r e , a r e
shaded in green.
The Allies –
England,
France, Russia,
and wishywashy Italy –
are shaded in
ye l l o w.
STALEMATE ON THE WESTERN FRONT
The Battle of the Marne
The Western Front
TRENCH WARFARE
MURDEROUS WEAPONS OF WW I
The U-Boat
The Zeppelin
MURDEROUS WEAPONS OF WW I
Biplanes
Tanks
POISON GAS
CHLORINE GAS
 Chlorine gas and
other forms of poison
gas were first used by
the Germans at the
Battle of Ypres in
France. The weapon
was perhaps the most
feared of the entire
war, because of the
gruesome and painful
deaths caused by the
chemicals – soldiers
who inhaled the
poison gas would
suffer chemical burns
of the lungs, then
slowly drown as their
lungs filled up with
mucus and fluids.
GAS MASKS
Horses were
used during
Wo r l d Wa r I i n
ma n y
capacities, and
were still relied
u p o n h e a v i ly b y
cavalry units,
supply carriers
a n d a mb u l a n c e
services. They
dragged heavy
guns into
p o s i t io n , mo v e d
me n a n d
e q u i p me n t , a n d
literally saved
lives. Hence,
they needed to
be protected,
too!
THE MACHINE GUN
PRESIDENT
WOODROW
WILSON
President
Wi l s o n a s k e d
A me r i c a n s t o
stay neutral in
mi n d a s w e l l a s
in action. By
following a
“s t r i c t a n d
i mp a r t i a l
n e u t r a l i t y, ”
A me r i c a n s
would be able to
stay out of the
w a r a n d r e ma i n
unified. Many
A me r i c a n s
feared that the
mi l l i o n s o f
G e r ma n A me r i c a n
i mmi g r a n t s i n
our country
could prove
d i s l o ya l .
WORLD WAR I: AMERICAN NEUTRALITY
Anti-German Propaganda:
Freedom of the Seas:
PROPAGANDA
Propaganda was produced
in the United States by an
organization known as the
Committee on Public
Information. Joseph Creel
was the leader of the
group. Propaganda, in
general, is information
designed to make a people
feel passionately about a
cause – often using
incomplete, exaggerated,
or dubious information.
BUSINESSMEN AND BANKERS TENDED TO
PREFER TRADE AND LOANS TO THE ALLIES .
Businessmen
Bankers
American Businessmen
attempted to trade with
both sides during World
War I from 1914 to 1917.
British blockades and
German U-boats, however,
took a toll on US Trade.
American bankers had
loaned out millions and
millions of dollars to
European nations, most of
them to the Allied Powers.
After the war, some people
claimed that American
supported the Allies just to
win back their money.
THE GERMAN BLOCKADE OF ENGLAND
Using their U-boats,
Germany established a
blockade around all of
England to prevent trade
between the US and
England. They sank any
trade vessels they could.
English naval vessels, in
turn, prevented any trade
between the United
States and Germany.
THE SINKING OF THE LUSITANIA : MAY 7,
1915 OFF THE COAST OF IRELAND
GERMANY WARNED THAT THE LUSITANIA MIGHT BE SUNK – IT WAS
FULL OF WEAPONS. AMERICANS WERE OUTRAGED NEVERTHELESS.
AMERICAN PROPAGANDA MA KERS USED THE SI NKING OF
THE LUSITANIA TO E NCOURAGE TH E WA R E FFORT.
WILSON MAINTAINS U.S. NEUTRALITY
“He
Kept Us
Out of
War.”
THE ZIMMERMANN TELEGRAM
In the Zimmermann
Telegram, German Secretary
of State Arthur Zimmermann
suggested that Mexico
should attack the United
States. His hope was that if
the US was occupied at
home by a domestic war,
they could not enter the war
with Germany. In return,
Zimmerman promised, they
would help Mexico win back
the land it had ceded to the
United States in the 1848
Treaty of GuadalupeHidalgo.
THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION
In March 1917, the Tsar Nicholas II
and the Romanov dynasty was
overthrown by Revolution. The
family had fallen under the “spell” of
Rasputin – “the mad monk” – who
had the mysterious ability to control
Alexei’s - the heir to the throne’s hemoph ilia. The Romanov ’s were
initially overthro wn by democr atic
reformers led by Alexander Kerensk y.
The new govern men t – an elected
Duma with Kerensky as president remain ed in power for just six
month s. The Bolsheviks, a brutally
violent commun ist organization ,
would take over the country just six
month s later, murdering the Romanov
family and establish ing a totalitarian
regime which would last for seventy
years.
TSAR NICHOLAS II AND THE ROMANOVS
THE RISE OF BOLSHEVISM AND THE USSR
Promising “Land, Bread, and
Peace,” the Vladimir Lenin
and the Bolshevik Party
took over Russia in October
of 1917. The Bolsheviks
would fight a bloody Civil
War, take power, and
establish a ruthless
dictatorship which murdered
millions as it established a
nationalized Communist
dictatorship. The Romanov
family was murdered in 1918.
THE COMMUNIST PARTY
WORLD WAR I: “TO MAKE THE WORLD
SAFE FOR DEMOCRACY”
Woodrow Wilson asked Congress to declare war against the Central
Powers in April of 1917, immediately after the Tsar had been
overthrown and replaced by the democratically elected Duma. Wilson
gave the United States several reasons to fight in World War I:
World War I would be a war for “Freedom of the Seas.”
World War I would be “A War To End all War.”
World War I would be “A War to Make the World Safe for
Democracy.”
Since Russia was now democratic as well, all of the Allies – Great
Britain, France, Russia, and now the United States – were democratic
governments.