Transcript Document

Three questions- choose
Changing Coasts
Retail and urban change
Tourism
State the meaning of.... (2)
Usually for definitions, data response,
notice the marks, this indicates you
need to give an example.
Reason – to give a cause or
justification.
Describe- say what it shows.
1. Describe the general pattern.
2. Give figures, dates, place names.
3. Provide any exceptions.
Explain- say why it has happened.
Explanation questions usually carry 3
marks- think
Point
Consequence
Elaboration
Evaluate – to give the good and bad
points
http://www.flickr.com/photos/silverxraven/2995854149/
•Erosion – mechanical wearing away of rocks
•Corrasion – rocks hurled at the base of a cliff between high and low
tide
•Attrition – rocks smashing and rubbing against each other become
smaller over time
•Solution – rocks dissolve by the sea
•Hydraulic action – water forced into cracks, the pressure causes them
to widen
•Long shore drift – the zigzag movement of material along a coastline
(Swash and Backwash)
•Deposition - the dropping of rock
Waves travel towards the
beach at an angle driven
by the prevailing windmoving material towards
the beach- SWASH.
Prevailing wind.
Waves runs back down at
right angles to the beachfollowing the steepest
gradient under gravitycalled BACKWASH.
Material will travel with it.
In this way material is
transported along the
coastline- called Long
Shore Drift (L.S.D).
Draw a diagram that illustrates the
formation of a how a cliff retreat and
the formation of a wave cut platform.
FORMATION OF A WAVE CUT PLATFORM
1.Between high and low tide rocks
are hurled at the base of a cliffcorrasion.
2.This forms a wave cut notch.
3.Continued corrasion will cause the
wave cut notch to expand.
4.The rock above the wave cut notch
becomes unstable and collapses into
the sea.
5.The cliff has now retreated.
6.A wave cut platform is left behinderosion cannot take place below low
tide.
Draw a diagram that illustrates how a
coastal stack forms.
Formation of a coastal stack
The headland is
made of chalk which
is sedimentary, lines
of weakness run
throughout it.
Between high and
low tide corrasion
occurs.
Corrasion will
continue to
undercut the cliff,
forming a cave.
If two caves are
Continued corrasion Continued corrasion
formed either side undercuts the base
at the base of the
of a headland
of the arch, it will
stack will undercut
corrasion will erode collapse to form a
it; it will collapse to
them backwards till
stack.
form a stump.
they meet.
Hydraulic action will Corrasion produces Corrasion evacuates When they meet an
exploit these
a wave cut notch at
the cave so it
arch is formed.
weaknesses, making the base of the cliff. becomes larger and
the cracks larger.
deeper.
Draw a diagram that illustrates the
formation of a spit.
6. Occasionally the wind direction may
change- this will also change the
direction of LSD.- this cause the spit to
curve.
4. Here there is a change in direction of
the coastline, this means the sea is quite
calm and shallow.
5. This encourages deposition to occur
and a spit begins to form. LSD can
continue.
7. The area behind the spit is
now sheltered encouraging
greater deposition- over time
a salt marsh may form.
1. Direction of the prevailing windNorth-East.
2. Swash transports material up the
beach. Backwash transports material
down the beach.
3. Material is moved along the beach in
a zig-zag motion- called long shore drift.
8.Here the spit is limited from
developing further by a river- which will
carry material away.
‘With the aid of a labelled diagram, explain the
formation of the spit at Blakeney Point.’
EROSION MANAGEMENT
Hard engineering
techniques.
Soft engineering
techniques.
Controlled disruption
of a natural process
by using man-made
structures.
Use of environmentally
sustainable strategies to
reduce the impact of a
natural process.
•Sea walls
•Groynes
•Gabions
•Beach nourishment
CASE STUDY OF A COASTAL MANAGEMENT- HOLDERNESS COAST,
UK
Causes
•Soft clay cliffs.
•Long fetch from North-East
•2 metres of erosion per year.
Strategy
•Roll back policy.
•Caravan parks moved 400 metres from the coast.
•New developments must be 30-200 metres from the coast.
•Only major settlements protected.
Mappleton- 450 metres of cliffs protected. 61,500 tonnes of rock
armour, two groynes and sloping revetment.
Protecting Against Coastal Flooding
Bangladesh- Hard/Soft Engineering
Reasons for increased coastal flooding
• Rising temperatures, leading to melting of land based
ice and thermal expansion.
• Warmer seas leading to more intense tropical storms,
.i.e cyclones, resulting in storm surges and heavy
rainfall.
• Coastlines are densely populated, increasing the ice of
flooding.
•
•
•
•
•
Thames Barrier, London - Hard
Engineering
• Open 1983
• Current cost £1.6 billion
• 10 gates raised within 30 minutes to stop storm
surges
• Protects 80 billion pounds of assets
• Protects 12 million people
•  No flood in central London since opening
•  Will need to be rebuilt in the future – 2030.
Afforestation along the coastline
Development of flood walls in some area
Public education about living next to the coast
Early warning system of potential flooding events
Cyclone shelters
Medberry, West Sussex- Soft
Engineering
• U.K’s largest scheme- £28 million pounds
• Original shingle beach unsustainable- required
maintenance each year- risk increase die to sea
level change. Cost £300,000 a year. Breached 14
times since 1994.
• Sea will be allowed to flood, defences built further
inland. 7km flood wall 2 km inland- protect from 1
in 1000 year flood
• Previous flood in March 2008 caused £5 million
pounds of damage.
• 183 hectares of land.
EXAM QUESTION
Area
Bangladesh
Why at risk?





25%
only
12
metres above sea
level
On Ganges Delta
Experiences
cyclone activities
Low GNP $1,800 therefore
can’t
invest
in
widespread hard
engineering
techniques
Densely populated
161 million people
Social impacts




Economic Impacts
Increase
in 
standing
water
leading to disease
i.e. Cholera
Food insecurity
Estimated 4,600
deaths and 75,000 
injuries per year
by 2050
Predicted
20
million
flooding
refugees by 2050

Reduction in GNP
due to damage to
industry,
estimated at $1
billion a year by
2050
Increased cost of
flood protection,
increased tax or
debt- estimated at
$17 million a year
Destruction
of
home
and
property
estimated at $1.9
billion dollars per
year by 2050
Environmental
Impacts




Pollution of fresh
water supplies
Loss of fertile
agricultural land,
830,000 hectares
lost since 2000.
Resulting in food
insecurity/ rising
food prices
Estimated 30% of
species to be lost
due to flooding by
2030
Area
London, U.K.
Why at risk?





Isostatic
readjustmentSouth-East sinking
into the sea
Extract of water
from
clay
foundations
resulted
in
subsidence.
Exposed to storm
surges, due to
funnelling water
from
between
Channel
and
continent
City
densely
populated
12
million people
Building
on
Thames floodplain
Social impacts





Potential risk to 12
million
peopleloss of life and
injury
420,000 homes at
risk
Homelessness and
loss
of
possessions
Flooding of sewers
leading to illness
400 schools and
16 hospitals at risk
Economic Impacts





29% of Londoners
have no insurance
£80 billion worth
of real estate
Financial capital of
world- impact on
the value of stocks
and shares across
the world
Funding of flood
defence schemes
Thames
Barrier
needs replacing by
2030, estimated
cost £4 billion
Likely
to
be
publically funded
by taxpayer
Environmental
Impacts





350 sq km of land
at potential risk
55 sq km of
habitat sites
3100 hectares of
sensitive heritage
sites
4 World heritage
sites
i.e.
Westminster
Abbey
Wide range of
birds,
i.e.
Lapwings,
and
mammals,
i.e.
voles.
EXAM QUESTION
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
Explain how erosion and deposition can change the shape of a coastline.
Using your own knowledge, describe and explain how people make use of the coastline.
Describe some of the threats that coastal erosion can bring. Explain how the coastline can be protected.
Describe how corrasion (abrasion) erodes the cliffs.
Draw an annotated diagram to explain the movement of sand and pebbles along a beach.
Describe ways in which rapid erosion by the sea affects the lives of people who live along the coast.
Explain two ways that could be used to protect the coastline from erosion. Use an example or examples to help your
answer.
Explain how hydraulic action erodes cliffs.
Draw an annotated diagram to explain why processes of coastal erosion, other than hydraulic action, may result in cliff
retreat.
Explain the advantages and disadvantages of different strategies to manage the coastline. Use one or more examples you
have studied to help your answer.
Explain how named processes lead to the formation of one coastal landform. You must use one or more labelled
diagrams to support your answer.
Rising sea-levels pose a threat to many coastal areas. Explain how different coastal management strategies along the
coastline can be used to reduce this threat. Refer to named places.
Describe how hard engineering strategies, like the use of groynes, can help protect the coastline from erosion by waves.
Evidence shows that coastal environments may need to be managed differently in the future. What do you think is the
most sustainable way to manage coastlines in the face of rising sea level? Explain your reasons for recommending this
strategy.
http://www.flickr.com/photos/carreon/462155740/
Factors influencing the growth of
tourism.
Increase in leisure time.
Increase in disposable incomes.
Cheaper travel, increase in travel options.
Rise of global media.
Increased wealth and health of pensioners.
Exam question
TOURISM
BENEFITS
DRAWBACKS
 Employment
 Seasonal, low skill, low pay
 Positive multiplier effect
within community
 Profits may leak abroadforeign owned facilities
 Cultural exchanges
 Clashes between differing
lifestyles
 Maintains cultural heritage
 Environmental damage by
increased numbers
 Develops local infrastructure
 May put a strain on local
services/utilities
 Growing market
 Destinations may become
unpopular/unfashionable
Exam question
Nam Ha, Laos
Location
Why go?
Nam Ha, Laos
Ethically diverse 8% income used
-33 tribes
for community
projects
View village life
Slash and burn
agriculture has
Deciduous
reduced.
forest
Hunters
have
288
species been deterred
by the presence
birds/37
of outsiders.
mammal
species
Positive Impact
Negative
Impacts
Some villagers
are concerned
about increasing
materialism,
including
begging.
Sustainability
Niche market
Small
people
groups
Live with locals
Some tourists
Low
impact
have
complained the activities
village stays are
somewhat
voyeuristic.
Peak District, Derbyshire
Location
Why go?
Positive Impact
Negative
Impacts
Sustainability
Peak District,
Derbyshire
Visiting market
towns
Visiting historic
houses
Cultural events i.e.
well dressing.
Walking
Climbing
Cycling
Rock climbing
Camping
Tourists
spend
£356 million a
year.
Generates
employment, 2000
jobs in hotels and
catering, though
seasonal.
Towns
have
become
dominated
by
tourist shops, at
the expense of
local needs, for
example Bakewell.
Soil erosion
Replace eroded
areas with natural
stone.
Reroute walkers
from areas of
heavy erosion.
Increased visitor
Employment
numbers,
Lay down
brings skills in the increases,
wear
geotextile mats
tourist industry.
and
tear
on
buildings
and
Ban walkers from
Multiplier effect, monuments.
some areas
worth
an
The popularity of altogether.
additional
£125 the
area
has
million
encouraged
the
development of
second homes
Explain why tourism can bring both
advantages and disadvantages for
people and the environment of one
MEDC region you have studied. [8]
Mark scheme
Level descriptor
Level 1 1-2 marks
List or simple description of advantages/disadvantages.
Information is communicated by brief statements. There is a basic structure. There is reasonable
accuracy of spelling, punctuation and grammar.
Level 2 3-4 marks
One or more advantages/disadvantages are described with some elaboration.
May not be balanced between people and/or environment. Reference to MEDC region is
generalised and lacks detail. Max 4 marks for an LEDC
Communication is clear and logical. Spelling, punctuation and grammar have considerable accuracy.
Level 3 5-6 marks
Description / explanation of advantages and / or disadvantages of tourism on both people and the
environment.
Reference to an MEDC region is specific.
Communication is clear, logical and has structure. Specialist terms are used with proficiency.
Spelling, punctuation and grammar have considerable accuracy.
Level 4 7-8 marks
Advantages and disadvantages of tourism on both people and the environment are explained with
more than one example of elaboration.
Reference to an MEDC region is specific and detailed.
Communication is very clear, sophisticated and well structured. Specialist terms are used adeptly.
Spelling, punctuation and grammar have consistent accuracy.
James
Peer assessment
I have studied the Peak District. An advantage of tourist going to the area is that they provide jobs
for local people at tourist attractions like Chatsworth House; this means that local people are
employed. If people are employed they are more likely to spend in the local area, this creates more
business for local traders- this is called the positive multiplier effect.
The disadvantage of these jobs are that they are often low paid and seasonal, this means that people
are likely to be out of work in the slower winter months and will need to find alternative employment.
Tourists often travel to the Peak District to walk, but this has created huge areas of erosion along the
Pennine Way. Hundreds of people walking off the paths remove the vegetation; the soil is then
washed away when it rains. As a result vegetation can’t regrow on these areas, this look unsightly.
Tourists thought also provide income that maintains the environment, without tourist receipts
historic locations like Chatsworth House could not be maintained as they are not funded by the
government.
Level
Positives
Improvements
Mark
Ibiza, Spain
Location
Ibiza, Spain
Why go?
Beaches
Positive Impact
Unemployed
is
Sun- over 2,700 only 4% compared
hours of sunlight a to Spain’s 14%.
Tourists spend in
year
the
local
Warm
temperatures in economy- positive
summer reaching multiplier effect
up to 30 degrees
72% of Ibiza’s GDP
Clubbing scene
is from tourism.
Negative
Impacts
Sustainability
Mainly jobs are Focusing on more
seasonal and low exclusive crowd of
skill/low pay
visitors- encourage
the development
Many jobs go to on top end hotels.
foreign nationals - All new hotels
13%
have to be 5*
Farmers annoyed
about
tourists Local government
damaging
crops is enforcing early
closing of bars and
within fields.
clubs to limit noise
pollution
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
Explain how any two natural factors can lead to the development of tourism in one region you have studied.
Explain how tourism can have a negative impact on the environment in an MEDC.
Why have LEDCs attempted to develop sustainable tourism? Why have these efforts been sometimes
abandoned?
Give two reasons that help to explain why more people may decide to take their holidays in the UK instead of
going abroad.
Explain why tourism can bring both advantages and disadvantages for people and the environment of one
region you have studied.
Explain how tourism can have different impacts on one MEDC region you have studied.
Explain how tourism can be managed sustainably.
Describe how tourism can be developed in a sustainable way.
Explain how tourism can bring disadvantages for people and the environment. Use a located example to help
your answer.
How are city centres changing? Nottingham
• £3.5 billion pound private- public regeneration
• Improving the city centre
• Market Place- £7 million pound make-over
• Pedestrianisation of shopping areas
• Use of heritagisation- Victorian signs and furniture
• Attracting shops- allowing the redevelopment of Broadmarsh
shopping centre
• Development of improved public transport links- new tram lines and improved train
station
• Development of waterfront areas along the canals and the River Trent
• Investment in inner city communities such as St.Anns and Sneinton
• Sneinton Market
• Creating a creative quarter for the media industry.
• Improved environment in ex-industrial areas, i.e. Hockley, has lead to private
gentrification. Area now focused upon nightlife and entertainment.
Remember you can also use
Freiburg as an example of
urban change…
How are city centres changing? Nottingham- Impacts
Daytime- focus on retail
Negative
Positive
Mostly part-time, low
paid jobs
Job creation 9/10 jobs
in services
Unemployment below
national average
High cost of
regeneration on local
population i.e. tax
burden
Retail generates
£1,280 million in the
city
3rd
Increased number of
beggars and street
crime 53 per 1000
compared to national
average of 29
largest shopping
area in country
1300 outlets
Night time- focus on leisure and
entertainment
Negative
Positive
Increased cost
of policing
Top stag and hen
do destination
11 million night
time visitors a
year
Disturbance to
city residents
300 bars and
clubs
Increase in
crime – 20%
crimes linked to
alcohol
Creation of jobs
Exam question
Changing shopping
Case study of an out of town
shopping area: Meadowhall,
Sheffield
Access
Ex-industrial site- large
12,000
car
parking
spaces
300 coach spaces
120 buses per hour
Train and train access
All reduced friction of
distance.
Shopping
233
stores,
many
multiple
Longer opening hours
Shopping environment
Undercover
CCTV
Light and bright
Vegetation
Leisure
World’s largest food
court
11 cinema screens
Special
events
i.e.
classical concerts and tea
dances.
•
•
•
•
Internet shopping
i.e. Amazon
£7 billion pounds profit, controversially no corporate
tax paid in U.K
Employs 20,000 people across 8 warehouses
Concerns over zero hour contracts, strict working
conditions – workers can walk up to 11 miles in 10.5
shift
Concerns about impacts on high street i.e. decline of
HMW etc…
Positives




24 hour access
Wider range of goods
Purchases can be made from across the world
Delivered to your door
Negatives




Waiting for deliveries to come, or not turn up
You do not get to view the purchase beforehand
Sometimes complex return processes
Fraud!
Changing shopping
Impact of out of town shopping
CBD
Outskirts
Few shoppers
Loss of greenfield land,
urban sprawl
Increased vacant units,
less choice for shoppers
Increased traffic
congestion
Decline in shopping
environment
Why have out of town shopping
stores developed?
• Land is cheaper on the outskirts of cities
• Large areas of land- allows large stores, larger
range of products.. Also allows a large car park.
• Large area of land allows stores to be built on one
level
• Better access for cars via roads- reduces the
friction of distance
• Environment is often attractive on the outskirts of
a city.
Enhancing the High Street, Ilkeston
Replicate the conditions of OFT shopping
• Pedestrianisation
• CCTV
• Undercover areas i.e. Albion Centre
• Improving shop frontages
• Greening – vegetation
• Free car parking
• Exploiting heritage
Why have our shopping habits
changed?
• Cars allow bulk buying, reducing frequency of
visits needed
• Monthly wage packets
• Fridge and freezers allow bulk buying
• Cheaper technology in the home and access to the
internet.
Exam question
Consumer choices
Case study, Cocoa farming in
Ghana (Chocolate)
Ghana Cocoa
farmers
• Low
profit,
price goes up
and down
• Small farms
• Labour
intensive-,
including
children, injury
from snakes,
using machete
• Poor quality of
life, lack of
healthcare,
access
to
education
Fairtrade
• Set price- covers
cost
of
production
• Paid upfront to
farmer to allow
planning
• Collective
• Consumer
20% premium
for quality
projects
pays
social
used
of life
Case study, China- Apple
You could also discuss
the impact of buying
Cocoa Cola.
Social 
• 47,000 employee directly
• 230,000 indirectly
• Jobs for graduates in research and development
Economic 
• Supports 349 supplies- positive multiplier effect
• Expanding stores from 13 to 25
• Billion dollar investment
Environmental
• Recycling of e-waste creates jobs
Social 
• Low paid long hours, 69 hrs a week $10 dollars a week
Economic 
• Profits $1.3 billion leak abroad
• Company exempt from first 15% of tax
Environmental 
• 37 manufacturers known to be serious polluters
• 70% of e-waste ends in China
• Contamination of groundwater with heavy metals
You could also reuse this
case study as an example
of the impact of trade and
consumer choice.
Consumer choices
Case study, tomato farming in Ghana
Background

E.U. produces 16 million tonnes of tomatoes each year. 
Second only to China.


The EU currently puts an import tariff of 15% on tomatoes.

The impact of the subsidies is to reduce the cost of tomato
paste and canned tomatoes by 65%.

As a result this makes E.U. tomatoes products cheaper.

The E.U. is therefore a major exporter of tomatoes.


Ghana adds a tariff of 25% for imported tomatoes.
The World Bank has forced Ghana to remove import quotas
on tomatoes into the country, otherwise it wouldn’t receive
E.U. provides £250 million pounds of subsidy each year to
tomato farmers in Europe.

Impact on Ghana.
loans.

The E.U. subsidies mean that the world price is depressed by
up to 5%.

A European farmer’s tomato is half the cost of a Ghanaian
farmer’s tomato.

Ghana farmers therefore get a very low price for their crop.

As a result their quality of life is poor. Lack of healthcare,
nutrition and education.

Crops are they left to rot in the field, if they can’t be sold.
If the subsidy was to be removed, this export market would 
collapse.
Domestic consumption has collapsed as Ghanaians purchase

The country doesn’t have the factories to process the
Imports would increase by 100%.
cheaper imports.
tomatoes into secondary products which would command a

World prices would increase by 5%.

It currently generates 250 million Euros for the European
economy.
higher price.
Consumer choices
Food miles
Organic shopping
Consumers only purchase food locally. Technically locally is
within 25 miles- this is mostly impossible!
Consumers only buy food produced without the use of
chemicals.
Positives
 Reduces carbon footprint of household. Less fossil
fuel used for transport.
 Supports local farmers and producers.
 Know source of your food and how it has been grown
or reared.
 Food is more nutritious, quality hasn’t declined during
transport.
Positives
 Reduces carbon footprint of household, no chemicals
need to be manufactured and used during
production.
 Chemicals do not leak into the environment,
therefore damaging it.
 Food is free from chemical residues. Safer for health?
 Some believe the food tastes better.
 Many organic farmers tend to be from LEDC
countries; therefore you are supporting their quality
of life.
Negatives
 Reduced choice.
 Food may only be available in season.
 LEDC farmers may lose out; they tend to produce
primary foodstuffs.
 Food may be more expensive; UK farmers need to
maintain a fair quality of life.
 Food may be travelling a shorter distance, but
greenhouses may be needed to grow it within the UK,
therefore increasing the carbon footprint of the
products.
Negatives
 Usually around 10% more expensive.
 Tends to be a smaller range of products.
 There is no evidence that organic products taste
better, or are better for your health.
 70% of organic food is imported, increasing carbon
footprints.
Exam question
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
Explain why C.B.D.’s contain many national chain stores.
Name two land-uses found within the C.B.D. .
Describe and explain how changing shopping habits have made out of town shopping areas popular. To what extent are
these shopping centres a good development?
The shopping centre is next to the motorway. Using examples, explain the advantages of this type of location.
Explain why pedestrianisation, and other named recent changes, have attempted to make city centres more attractive to
shoppers.
Explain why city centres present opportunities and problems for locals and visitors at night time.
To what extent could the increasing use of the internet be a concern for traditional retail outlets in town and cities?
Explain how global trade can have advantages and disadvantages for people in developing countries. Use one or more
examples to help your answer.
Many people prefer to visit out of town shopping centres. Explain two factors why people prefer these locations to city
centres.
Describe how changes in customer choice are having an impact on the global environment.
Explain the advantages and disadvantages linked to the regeneration of one European city centre. Use an example of a
named place to help your answer.