Transcript Spray Adjuvant Technology - American Society of Agronomy

Agricultural Spray Adjuvant Technology
-Sorting Out the Adjuvant PuzzleSpray
Modifier
Adjuvants
Activator
Adjuvants
?
Utility
Modifier
Adjuvants
Utility
Products
Steve Barnhart – Agriliance Regional Agronomist
Adjuvant Confusion!
• Compendium of Herbicide Adjuvants
(Southern Illinois University – 1/02)
– Lists 36 different companies selling various types
of adjuvants. There are more!
– Lists 440 different adjuvants. There are many
more!
What is an Adjuvant?
• An adjuvant is any additive used in
conjunction with a pesticide to increase
biological activity and/or to modify various
physical properties of a spray solution.
Importance of Adjuvants
Spray applications are affected by many physical variables
•
•
•
•
•
•
Pesticide Stability
Solubility
Compatibility
Foaming
Suspension
Surface Tension
•
•
•
•
•
•
Droplet Size
Drift
Volatilization
Coverage
Adherence
Penetration
 Adjuvants play a key role in controlling these variables
Adjuvants Are Classified Into
Four Categories
• Activator Adjuvants
– Enhance Pesticide Performance
• Surfactants, Crop Oil Concentrates, Methylated Seed Oils, Fertilizer
Solutions, Penetrants
• Spray Modifier Adjuvants
– Affects Physical Properties Of Spray Solutions
• Stickers, Deposition Aids, Drift Retardants, Evaporation Aids
• Utility Modifier Adjuvants
– Minimize Handling and Application Problems
• Compatibility Agents, Buffering Agents, Defoamers, Anti-foams
• Utility Products
– Minimize Application Problems
• Foam Markers, Tank Cleaners
Adjuvants Types
• Surfactants (also called spreaders or wetting agents)
– An adjuvant that reduces surface surface tension between
the spray solution droplets and the pest target’s surface,
thus providing greater coverage.
• Crop Oil Concentrates
– A combination of oil (petroleum or vegetable) and
surfactants/emulsifiers. Crop oil concentrates act as
penetrants, stickers, spreaders (limited), humectants, etc.
• Methylated or Ethylated Seed Oils
– An emulsified methylated or ethylated seed oil. Act as
penetrants, spreaders (limited), humectants, etc.
Adjuvants Types - cont.
• Penetrators
– Enhance uptake of pesticides through target pests
surfaces.
• Spreader/Stickers/Extenders
– Combine spreading and adhesive qualities to improve
coverage and retention of pesticide.
• Water Conditioning Agents
– Reduce the antagonistic affects of impurities (Ca, Mg, Mn,
Fe, etc.) found in water carrier. Potentially greater
pesticide efficacy results.
Adjuvants Types - cont.
• Humectants
– Increase the drying time of spray solutions which provides
greater time for the pesticide to enter the targets surface.
Used during high temperature, low humidity and low
spray volume situations.
• Deposition Aid
– Reduces the amount of fine spray particles that carry
pesticide out of target areas. (polyacrylimides,
encapsulators, others)
– Reduces evaporation of the spray droplet; Used during
high temperature, low humidity and low spray volume
situations.
• Drift Control Agents
– Reduces the amount of fine spray particles that carry
pesticide out of target areas. (polyacrylimides,
encapsulators, others)
Adjuvants Types - cont.
• Compatibility Agents
– Compounds that aid in stability and dispersion of various
pesticide formulations and spray carrier mixtures.
• Buffer Agents/Acidifiers
– Generally lower the pH of the spray solution and reduce
rapid changes in pH either higher or lower.
• Reduces the degradation of pesticides by chemical hydrolysis.
– Dimate, Malathion, Sevin, etc.
– Some buffers are used to raise the solution pH for greater
herbicide solubility (Example: micro-rate herbicide
applications of Betamix + Upbeet + Stinger on sugar
beets)
• Colorants
– Used to alter the color of spray solutions.
Adjuvants Types - cont.
• Suspension Agents
– Extend the period of time a pesticide will remain in
suspension and if agitation is stopped for a time, upon
agitation they aid in re-suspension of the mixture
• Defoaming Agents
– Suppresses foam of various pesticide solutions, aids in
filling tanks
• Foaming Agents
– Used for marking swath width.
Who Regulates Adjuvants?
• Basically the industry is self-regulated
• Formulations are considered “trade secrets”
– not disclosed to the public
Quality Issues
• Lack of consistent regulation
• Confusion and Opportunity
“Yes, there is a difference among adjuvants - All
adjuvants are NOT created equal.”
(Dr. Richard K. Zollinger-NDSU)
Value of Spray Additives
• What
value does the adjuvant bring?
FOLIAR ABSORPTION OF PURSUIT AND SURFACTANTS
Absorption (% of applied)
100
80
Crop Oil Concentrate + Fertilizer
Nonionic Surfactant + Fertilizer
60
Crop Oil Concentrate
Nonionic Surfactant
40
Fertilizer
No Additive
20
0
Pursuit plus surfactant
Adjuvant effects on Pursuit absorption
Without adjuvants many herbicides would not perform!
Value of Spray Additives
(Accent, Pursuit, Spirit, etc.)
Herbicide
Investment
$20.00
$20.00
$20.00
Nitrogen
Surfactant
Investment Investment
@15 GPA
None
None Added
Added
None
$0.75/ac
Added
$1.00
$0.75/ac
Percent
Absorption
3%
50%
85%
Activator Adjuvants
Activator Adjuvants are Specific
Why More Than One Activator Adjuvant?
• Herbicide Specific
– Work well with some herbicides, but not all!
• Non-ionic surfactants work well with Roundup while
oil based surfactants inhibit Roundup performance.
– Herbicides Differ
• Water soluble versus oil soluble
• Contact versus Systemic
Activator Adjuvants are Specific
Why More Than One Activator Adjuvant?
• Weed Specific
– Work well with some, but not all weeds!
• Oil based surfactants are generally more effective for
annual grasses and lambsquarters which have waxy
cuticles.
– Cuticle (wax type and thickness)
– Leaf Surface (hairiness)
– Leaf Angle (vertical or flat)
Activator Adjuvants are Specific
Why More Than One Activator Adjuvant?
• Environmentally Specific
– Soil moisture, temperature, humidity
• Non-ionic surfactants provide better crop tolerance
during high humidity conditions than do oil based
adjuvants. Meanwhile, methylated seed oil based
adjuvants provide better control during very dry
conditions compared to non-ionic surfactants or
conventional crop oil concentrates.
Surfactants
Adjuvant vs. Surfactant
• The terms Adjuvant and Surfactant are
often used interchangeably in our
daily spray discussions.
• Surfactants are actually a specific
type of adjuvant.
• All surfactants are adjuvants, but not
all adjuvants are surfactants.
Surfactants
• Form a “bridge” between unlike chemicals
that don’t readily mix
– water and oil
– water and the wax on a leaf surface
• Lower the surface tension of spray droplets
• Allow for more complete spray coverage
and sticking on plant surfaces
• May contain fatty acids to further improve
herbicide retention and penetration
Surfactants
Without Surfactant
With Surfactant
Surfactants
•
•
•
•
Complex long chain polar molecules
Composed of alcohols and fatty acids
Lipophilic “tail” and hydrophilic “head”
Three general groups
– Non-ionic, anionic, cationic
Surfactant Activity
Structure
Hydrophilic
Activity
Oil droplet
Lipophilic
Water
Charged Surfactants
(Anionic, Cationic and Amphoteric)
• Anionic surfactants have a negative charge and
have limited compatibility with pesticides.
• Cationic surfactants have a positive charge and
have limited compatibility with pesticides.
• Amphoteric surfactants have both charges and
may vary their charge with changes in pH.
• Charged adjuvants may be more effective with
salts (glyphosate, 2,4-D amine, etc.)
Uncharged Surfactants
(Non-Ionic)
• Uncharged or non-ionic surfactants are
compatible with most pesticides
• There is a wide variety of non-ionic chemistry
• Some inert chemicals are considered to be
adjuvants as they reduce surface tension. These
chemicals (butanol, diethylene glycol, etc.) have
little or no biological activity.
Surfactants
• Typical ingredients of surfactants
–
–
–
–
–
Surfactant active ingredient
Fatty acids
Alcohols
Water
Polyethylene glycols
Common Active Ingredients of
Nonionic Surfactants
• Alcohol Ethoxylates - best biologically, very expensive
• Nonyl Phenol Ethoxylates - good biologically, in 95% of
today’s surfactants, being looked at by EPA as a endocrine
disrupter.
• Alkyl Octylphenol Ethoxylates - good biologically, expensive
• Alkyl Polysaccharides - good biologically, new chemistry,
corn starch base, mixes well with AMS
• Urea Clathrates - good biologically, dry alcohol ethoxylate,
expensive
• Fatty Acid Ethoxylates - good biologically, soybean base,
may replace phenol ethoxylates
Common Active Ingredients of
Nonionic Surfactants - cont.
• Tallow Amine Ethoxyalates - good biologically, used in
Roundup Ultra, partially ties up free ions that can be
antagonistic to the glyphosate molecule.
• Phosphate Esters - good biologically, also used in Roundup
Ultra, partially ties up free ions that can be antagonistic to
the glyphosate molecule.
• Fatty Acids - usually tree oils, biologically active
• EO/PO Block Copolymers (organosilicones) - expensive
• Siloxanes (organosilicones) - expensive
Other Ingredients Found In
Surfactants
• Water
• Alcohols (IPA-isopropyl alcohol)
– for storageability
• Polyethylene Glycol
– used mainly as a filler, no biological activity
• Diethylene Glycol
– used mainly as a filler, no biological activity
• Diols
Adjuvant Labels Can Be Confusing
•
•
•
•
•
•
Nonyl phenol ethoxylate
Alkyl phenol ethoxylate
Poly ethoxylates
Alkyl aryl polyethoxylates
Alkyl polyoxyethylene
Polyethoxylated derivatives
These terms can all mean the same thing and may
refer to the same constituent.
Physical Properties Used To
Compare and Measure Surfactants
•
•
•
•
•
Surfactant Load
HLB - Hydrophilic:Lipophilic Balance
Contact Angle
Draves Wetting
Surface Tension
Surfactant Load
• Is a measure of the exact content of true
non-ionic surfactants in a particular
product.
• Expressed as percentage.
• A product with a true surfactant load of <
50% may not meet the requirement for
an adjuvant as specified by some
pesticide manufacturers.
Comparison Of Active Ingredients In Typical
Surfactants
- Performance Will Not Always Be The Same-
• 60% Alkyl Aryl
Ethoxylate
• 20% Fatty Acids
• 3% IPA
• 7% Polyethylene
Glycol
• 10% Water
90/10 Surfactant ?
(80/10)
• 50% Alkyl Aryl
Ethoxylate
• 20% Phosphate Ester
• 10% Diol
• 5% IPA
• 15% Water
80/20 Surfactant ?
(70/30)
Comparison Of Active Ingredients In Typical
Surfactants
- Performance Will Not Always Be The Same
• 82% Nonyl phenol
Ethoxylate
• 7.9% Fatty Acids
• 0.1% IPA
• 45% Nonyl phenol
Ethoxylate
• 10% Fatty acid esters
• 30% Glycols
• 5% IPA
• 10% Water
• 10% Water
90/10 Surfactant ?
(89.9/10.1)
90/10 Surfactant ?
(55/45)
HLB
(Hydrophilic:Lipophilic Balance)
• HLB is the relationship between the
nature of the hydrophilic and lipophilic
portions of the surfactant molecule. The
range of HLB is 1-20. The higher the
value the more hydrophilic the
surfactant. Most effective surfactants
have a value between 10-18. The HLB is
not measured, it is calculated. Research
has shown that there is significant
herbicide/HLB/weed interactions
HLB and Herbicide/Surfactant
Solubility
Herbicides
Accent, Assure II,
Atrazine,Beacon,
Classic, Fusilade DX,
Harmony GT, Poast, etc.
Oil Soluble
(Lipophilic)
1
10
Prime Oil
Destiny
Superb HC
Sterling/Banvel, Blazer,
Galaxy, Gramoxone,
Liberty, Pursuit, Reflex,
Cornerstone/Roundup/Touchdown,
etc.
Soluble
20 Water
(Hydrophilic)
Preference
Activate Plus
Silkin
Surfactants
Contact Angle
• This is a profile measurement of a drop
of water in contact with a solid surface.
When a surfactant is added to water the
surface tension of the solution is reduced
and the spreads out over a greater area.
This flatter droplet has a lower contact
angle reading. A water droplet has a
contact angle of 93 degrees. A superior
wetter will have a contact angle of 45
degrees or less.
CONTACT ANGLE
• “Contact angle” (CA) is a profile measurement of a drop of water in contact
with a solid surface. When a surfactant (wetting agent) is introduced into the
solution, the surface tension is reduced and the water droplet becomes flatter.
• The lower the CA produced by the surfactant,
the greater the spreading and coverage properties
of that spray solution.
• Water has a CA of 93 degrees. A typical
surfactant influences the contact angle
30-45 degrees, and a “super wetter” surfactant
can reduce contact angles to 15 degrees or less.
Contact Angle - cont.
•
•
•
•
•
•
Water
Water + Preference (NIS)
Water + Activate Plus (NIS)
Water + Silkin (silicone NIS)
Water + Prime Oil (COC)
Water + Destiny (MSO)
940
380
350
240
580
590
Crop Oil Concentrates and Methylated Seed Oils have
surfactants in their formulation, but do not as effectively
reduce contact angles like true surfactants.
Draves Wetting
• This is a test to measure the time in
seconds it takes to completely wet a
woven cotton skein. A superior wetter
will require less than 20 seconds for
wetting to occur. The lower the score in
this test the better wetting characteristics
the product has.
DRAVES WETTING TEST

Draves wetting correlates to how well a
pesticide solution will wet and spread on a
solid surface (i.e.: plant, weed, etc.). This
standard method test measures the time
(seconds) it take to wet a woven cotton
thread.

A superior wetting agent at a 0.25% v/v
concentration will require less than 20
seconds for wetting to occur. (Water
measures at >300 seconds.)

The lower the score on this test the better
wetting characteristics the product has.
Draves Wetting - cont.
•
•
•
•
•
•
Seconds
Water
Water + Preference (NIS)
Water + Activate Plus (NIS)
Water + Silkin (silicone NIS)
Water + Prime Oil (COC)
Water + Destiny (MSO)
>300
16
11
2
>300
>180
Crop Oil Concentrates and Methylated Seed Oils have
surfactants in their formulation, but do not have the
wetting characteristics of true surfactants.
Surface Tension
• Surface tension is a condition that exists
at the free surface of a liquid. The
surface tension test measures the force
required to pull a floating ring off of the
surface of a liquid. This force is
measured in dynes/cm. Water has a
value of 74 while typical spreaders will
have a value of 30-50. Super wetters will
be 10-30.
SURFACE
TENSION
• “Surface tension” is a condition that exists at the free surface of a solution.
The dynes per centimeter (dynes/cm) measurement in the test determines
the amount of “force” required to pull a floating ring off the surface of the
solution. The higher the dynes/cm, the more force is applied.
• Since surfactants affect tension, the lower the
dynes/cm the better the coverage. Conversely,
the higher the dynes/cm of the solution, the
greater the impact on coverage.
• The surface tension of water is approximately
74 dynes/cm. Typical wetting agents will reduce
surface tension to 30-50 dynes/cm, while
super wetters reduce this figure to 10-30
dynes/cm.
Surface Tension - cont.
Dynes/Cm
•
•
•
•
•
•
Water
Water + Preference (NIS)
Water + Activate Plus (NIS)
Water + Silkin (silicone NIS)
Water + Prime Oil (COC)
Water + Destiny (MSO)
73
35
32
27
36
52
Water Conditioning Agents
Water Conditioning Agents
• Water Conditioning Agents
– Reduce antagonism from hard water cations
(Ca++, Mg++, Fe++, K+, Na+, ZN++)
• Free salts in water attach to sulfate ions
– In some cases can help overcome antagonism
between certain herbicides
– Can lower pH and buffer spray solution
• Reduces breakdown of certain pesticides due a
process called “Alkaline Hydrolysis”.
– Increase penetration of herbicide into plant cell
membranes through “Ion-trapping”
Common Active Ingredients Terms
in Water Conditioner Products
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Alkylpolyglucoside (corn syrup)
Alkylpolyglycoside
Alkylpolyoxyethylene glycol
Ammonium Salts
Ammonium Sulfate
Ammonium Nitrate
Ammonium alkyl aryl
sulfanates
• Ammonium polyacrylates
• Citrophosphate
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Glycerol acid
Hydroxy carboxylic acid
Phosphate esters
Phosphoric Acid
Plycarboxylic acid
Polyacrylic acid
Propionic acid
Sulphates
Urea
UAN
Nitrogen Fertilizer’s Role as a Water
Conditioner
Nitrogen Fertilizers (NH4)
• Weeds which respond to the addition of UAN
solutions or AMS.
– Foxtails, johnsongrass, quackgrass, woolly cupgrass,
velvetleaf, cocklebur, sunflower, P. smartweed, v. mallow,
devilsclaw, lambsquarters and w. mustard.
• Herbicides which are enhanced by nitrogen
Accent
Accent Gold
Assure
Banvel/Sterling
Basagran
Basis
Basis Gold
Beacon
Blazer
Celebrity Plus
Clarity
Classic
Cobra
Distinct
Exceed
FirstRate
Flexstar
Fusilade
Fusion
Galaxy
Glyfos
Harmony GT
Hornet
Laddok S-12
Liberty
Liberty ATZ
Lightning
Marksman
NorthStar
Option
Permit
Phoenix
Poast Plus
Pursuit
Raptor
Reflex
Resource
Roundup
Select
Spirit
Steadfast
Stellar
Sterling
Sterling Plus
Touchdown
2,4-D Amine
MCPA Amine
Nitrogen Fertilizers (NH4)
• Herbicides where antagonism from mineral salts in
the water can affect their performance:
–
–
–
–
–
Roundup, Cornerstone, etc. (glyphostate)
Liberty, Liberty ATZ (glufosinate)
Banvel, Clarity, Distinct, Sterling (dicamba)
2-4-D amine
MCPA amine
• Herbicides where UAN does NOT overcome the
antagonism of mineral salts in the water; AMS
must be used:
– Roundup, Cornerstone, etc. (glyphostate)
– Liberty, Liberty ATZ (glufosinate)
Nitrogen Fertilizers (NH4)
• Even in the absence of mineral salt
impurities in the water, weed
control of certain weeds is enhanced
by the addition of UAN solutions or
AMS.
Concerns with
AMS/Polyglycolether Products
• Ammoniated Salt Adjuvants
– Advertised as AMS substitutes
– Do not meet label recommendations for NIS or AMS
– Generally NOT approved
Product
Roundup
Pursuit
Accent
AMS recommended on
Herbicide Label
8.5 – 17 lbs./100 gallons
2.5 lbs./AC
2-4 lbs./AC
AMS delivered by an ammoniated
salt adjuvant containing 25% AMS at
2 qt/100 gallons
1.25 lbs./100 gallons
0.19 lbs./AC
0.19 lbs./AC
Value of Spray Additives



SPRAY
GRADE
AMMONIUM
SULFATE.
AMMONIUM
SULFATE
SOLUTION
PREMIXES
AMS AFFECT ON ROUNDUP
ULTRA
University of Minnesota- Waseca
100
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
HARD WATER
WATER pH 8.2
DEIONIZED
WATER
WATER 800
PPM CA
RRPW
COLQ
VELE
800 PPM CA +
AMS
Roundup/Adjuvant/AMS Trial
% Barnyardgrass Control (17 DAT)
100
90
80
70
W/AMS
WO/AMS
60
50
40
30
Adj. Adj. Adj. Adj. Adj. Adj. Adj. Adj. Adj. Adj. Adj. No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 11 Adj.
Adjuvant
Roundup Original Rate = 16 oz/a; LSD (.10) = 2; Adjuvants rates varied by product
Roundup/Adjuvant/AMS Trial
% Waterhemp Control (17 DAT)
100
90
80
70
W AMS
W/O AMS
60
50
40
30
Adj. Adj. Adj. Adj. Adj. Adj. Adj. Adj. Adj. Adj. Adj. No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 11 Adj.
Adjuvant
Roundup Original Rate = 16 oz/a; LSD (.10) = 13.8; Adjuvants rates varied by product
Roundup/Adjuvant/AMS Trial
% Velvetleaf Control (17 DAT)
100
90
80
W AMS
W/O AMS
70
60
50
Adj. Adj. Adj. Adj. Adj. Adj. Adj. Adj. Adj. Adj. Adj. No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 11 Adj.
Adjuvant
Roundup Original Rate = 16 oz/a; LSD (.10) = 11; Adjuvants rates varied by product
Roundup/Adjuvant/AMS Trial
% Foxtail Control (17 DAT)
100
90
80
70
W/AMS
WO/AMS
60
50
40
30
Adj. Adj. Adj. Adj. Adj. Adj. Adj. Adj. Adj. Adj. Adj. No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 11 Adj.
Adjuvant
Roundup Original Rate = 16 oz/a; LSD (.10) = 2; Adjuvants rates varied by product
2003 Dumont Answer Plot
Crop Oil Concentrates
• Non-phytotoxic oils + emulsifiers (surfactants)
– Generally 80-95% oil and 5-20% emulsifier
– Petroleum based or vegetable in origin
•
•
•
•
Surfactant portion aids in spreading/wetting
Increase spray retention/prolong drying time
Increase penetration through the leaf cuticle
More effective than NIS adjuvants in low
humidity, and on drought stressed or larger
weeds
Accent/Beacon Adjuvant Trial
Kansas State University
% Shattercane Control (87 DAT)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Accent+Prime Oil
(1% v/v)
Accent
Beacon + Prime Oil
(1 v/v)
Beacon
Accent Rate = 0.168oz/a; Beacon Rate = 0.19 oz/a; LSD (.05) = 14
Methylated Seed Oil (MSO)
-Typical Ingredients• Oils
85-92%
– Seed Oil + methanol
• Emulsifier/Surfactants 8-15%
–
–
–
–
Akyl Aryl Ethoxylates
Castor Oil Ethoxylates
Polyethylene glycol esters
etc.
Beacon/Accent Adjuvant Trial
% Velvetleaf Control (19 DAT)
100
90
80
70
60
50
Activate Plus
+ UAN
Prime
Oil+UAN
Destiny+UAN
Only UAN
Beacon/Accent Rate = 0.38 oz/a + 0.33 oz/a;
Activate Plus = 0.25% v/v; Prime Oil and Destiny = 2 pt/a; UAN = 2 qt/a
No Additives
LSD (.10) = 5
Minimizing Spray Drift
Best Spray Management Practices To
Minimize Spray Drift Issues
• Use good judgement
– Consider wind speed and direction
– Consider climatic conditions
• Select the proper equipment
– Manage spray droplet size
• Nozzle type, size & pressure
– Keep boom height low
• Use a drift control/deposition agent
– Maximize spray deposition
– Reduce spray drift
It is necessary to consider all of the above in order to do the best
you can to reduce drift and maximize herbicide performance.
Drift Control Agents
• “Encapsulators”
– Suspends small capsules(150-180 Micron size) of
pesticide in the spray solution significantly reducing the
amount of pesticide contained in drift susceptible fines.
– Placement & Placement Pro Pak
• Do not affect spray droplet size
• “Thickeners or Viscosity Modifiers”
– Increases the viscosity of spray solutions which in turn
increases droplet size and reduces the amount of drift
susceptible fines.
– Corral Poly, Corral AMS Dry, Arrow four, AG1040
• Do enlarge spray droplet size
• Neither a “Thickener” or an “Encapsulator”
– InterLock
Can Drift Control / Deposition Aids
Improve Pesticide Efficacy?
Yes !
Can Drift Control / Deposition Aids Improve Pesticide Efficacy?
Yes !
European Corn Borer Damage as Influenced by Adjuvants
Treatment
Rate
% Visual Damage
% Damaged Stalks
----
73
67
4 oz/a
37
33
Pounce +
Preference
4 oz/a
2 pt/100 g
30
23
Pounce +
Placement
4 oz/a
4 oz/a
27
23
Pounce +
Placement +
Preference
4 oz/a
4 oz/a
2 pt/100 g
23
17
Pounce +
Rivet
4 oz/a
2 qt/100 g
30
23
7.6
9.5
None
Pounce
LSD P=(0.05)
Source: Plant Research Service – Bethel, Missouri
Cotton Defoliation: 8/30/02
Dropp .2 + Finish 16 0z/Ac + Class Act Next
Gen. 2.5 Gal/200 + 4 0z/Ac Placement
PLACEMENT!
NO PLACEMENT!
While the previous pictures show
defoliation of cotton. Could this same
canopy penetration enhancement carryover to better control of such soybean
insects as soybean aphids or spider mites
which tend to colonize under leaves and
down in the crop canopy? How about
improved soybean rust control?
Probably!
InterLock 2004 Canopy Penetration Trial
(Desert Air Ag – Mud Lake, Idaho)
Treatment Average:
Droplets/cm2
Untreated
12.8
InterLock + Preference (4 oz/a +1 pt/100 g)
20.8
Canopy Location Average:
Droplets/cm2
Upper – Untreated
16.6
Upper - InterLock + Preference (4 oz/a +1 pt/100 g)
22.5
Middle – Untreated
12.0
Middle - InterLock + Preference (4 oz/a +1 pt/100 g)
22.3
Lower - Untreated
9.7
Lower – InterLock + Preference (4 oz/a +1 pt/100 g)
17.6
Amistar (4 oz/a) fungicide
Airtractor 502 airplane, CP flat fan nozzles, 5 g/a at 120-140 mph.
Water sensitive paper used to evaluate and collect spray.
% Improvement
63%
% Improvement
36%
86%
81%
InterLock + Preference (4oz/a + 1 pt/100 g)
•Upper Canopy – 22.5 droplets/cm2
•Middle Canopy – 27.2 droplets/cm2
•Lower Canopy – 14.0 droplets/cm2
Untreated
•Upper Canopy – 12.25 droplets/cm2
•Middle Canopy – 10.75 droplets/cm2
•Lower Canopy – 8.25 droplets/cm2
InterLock 2004 Canopy Penetration Trial
InterLock for Soybean Rust
70
58.4
% Control
60
50
40
42.6
36.6
30
20
10
0
Headline
Headline + InterLock Headline + InterLock
+ Activate Plus
2004 I Brink ,South Africa
InterLock = deposition aid at 4 oz/a
Activate Plus = non-ionic surfactant at 1 pt/100 g.
Interactions Which Affect
Postemergence Performance
Adjuvants
Plants
Herbicide
Environment
Selecting the Best Adjuvant or
Adjuvant Combinations
Adverse
Spray
Conditions
Good
Oils and Fertilizers
Methylated Seed Oils
Crop Oil Concentrates
Surfactants and Fertilizers
Nitrogen Fertilizers
Silicone Surfactants
Non-Ionic Surfactants
High
Weed
Control
and/or
Crop
Injury
Low
Thank You!
Steve Barnhart