Transcript 17.3 – Luther Leads the Reformation

17.3 – Luther Leads the
Reformation
Causes of the Reformation
• Renaissance ideas were
challenging Church
authority
• Aided by the printing
press – WHY?
• Various states of Europe
made it hard to control,
especially in Germany
• Northern merchants
resented paying taxes
Beginnings
• Church viewed as
corrupt:
– Money for wars,
pleasurable goods, & the
arts
– Pope Alexander VI
fathers children
– Many priests & monks
are poorly educated
• Men like John Wycliff,
Jan Hus, Thomas More,
& Desiderius Erasmus
fuel these criticisms of
the Church
Luther & the 95 Theses
• Martin Luther – Professor of
Scripture at Wittenberg
University
– Faith was key to salvation
• Luther angered by church
practice of selling
indulgences (pardons)
– Johann Tetzel tricks people into
thinking they buying their way
into Heaven
• Luther responds w/ the 95
Theses
– Posts them on the door of a
Church & debates them
• Beginning of the Reformation
• Rise of churches that don’t
accept the pope’s authority
• Luther pushed for
complete reform of the
Church
• 3 Main Ideas
– 1) Salvation only by God’s
forgiveness
– 2) All teaching based
through the Bible
– 3) All people with faith
were equal
• Ideas spread rapidly &
gain many followers
Luther’s Teachings
Response
• Luther suggests driving out
pope by force
• 1520: Pope Leo X
excommunicates Luther
– Luther burns his warnings
• Emperor Charles V puts
Luther on trial at Worms
– Luther refuses to recant
• 1521: Edict of Worms
– Luther an outlaw & heretic
• Luther sheltered by
Frederick of Saxony
• 1522: Luther established
own religious group called
Lutherans
• 1524: German peasants
revolt against the serfdom
– Raid, pillage, & burn
monasteries
• Luther appalled, calls for
princes to crush the revolt
• German princes split over
teachings
– Protestants – Lutheran
supporters
• Charles V goes to war against
the Protestants; fails to bring
them back
• 1555: Peace of Augsburg
– Each ruler would decide their
state’s religion
Revolt & War
Henry VIII
• Devout Catholic
• Disagrees w/ Luther’s
teachings; named “Defender
of the Faith”
• Problems: Needed an heir
– Didn’t want war & only had a
daughter
• 1527: Wanted a divorce to
have children form another
woman
• Divorce not allowed, asks for
marriage to be annulled
• Pope denies annulment, did
not want to offend Charles V
– Catherine’s nephew
Reformation Parliament
• 1529: Asks Parliament to
pass laws ending papal
power in England
• 1533: Marries Anne Boleyn
– Parliament approves divorce
• 1534: Act of Supremacy
passed
– Henry named head of the
Church of England
• Thomas More criticizes
Henry; arrested & executed
at the Tower of London
Consequences
• Anne Boleyn doesn’t have
a son; charged w/ treason
& beheaded
• 1537: Jane Seymour (3rd)
births a son, Edward
– Jane dies 2 weeks later
• Henry marries 3 more
times = no more children
• 1547: Henry dies, each
child will rule England
• Protestant reforms added
by advisors of Edward VI
• Mary returns England to
the pope
– Executes protestant
resistors
• Wanted a return to
Protestantism
• 1559: Church of England
(Anglican) set-up –
Compromise
– Protestants: Priests
allowed to marry & use
English for sermons
– Catholics: many traditions
kept/revised
• Establishes relative
religious peace
• Faces push for reforms,
overthrow attempts,
faces money problems
– Ideas for American
colonies
Elizabeth I