CHAPTER 13

Reformation & Religious Warfare in 16 th Century

What were the chief ideas of the Christian humanists, and how did they differ from Protestant reformers?

 In the second half of the fifteenth century, the new classical learning from the Italian Renaissance spread to northern Europe and started the movement :  goal to reform Christianity  Christian humanists focused on Holy Scriptures  Felt a simple religion had been complicated during the Middle Ages  Through education people could find true inner piety and reform – supported schools

Erasmus

 Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1535)  Formed reform program of Christian humanism

(1503)

 “philosophy of Christ” – inner piety – not external religion like sacraments, pilgrimages, fasts, saints, relics  Called for re-translation in Greek (said the , Latin version, had errors)

(1511)

 Criticism of most corrupt practices of society, especially abuses of clergy  Work paved the way for the Reformation

Thomas More

 Thomas More (1478-1535)  Trained in law, proficient in Latin and Greek  Learning should be put into the service of state  Became lord chancellor of England  Friend of Erasmus  Wrote

Thomas More

(1516)

 Account of the idealistic life and institution of community “Utopia” (Greek for nowhere) in the New World  Shows concerns for economic, social, political problems  New social system where cooperation and reason replaced power and fame as motivating agents in society  Communal ownership rather than private property  Opposed Henry VIII’s divorce from Katherine & Pope

The Church and Religion

 Corruption in the Catholic Church was another factor inspiring reform  Highest positions in Church were held by nobles or the wealthy bourgeoisie more money : church officials took more than one position to make : relics or payments to reduce time in purgatory

What were Martin Luther’s main disagreements with the RCC and why did the movement spread so quickly

 Martin Luther (1483-1546)  Born in Germany, started as a lawyer, became a monk  Focused on assurance of Salvation  Became a professor of theology at the University of Wittenberg  Came to believe that no human could ever DO enough to be saved from grace through faith  (not works, sacraments, penance, etc)

Indulgence Controversy

 Pope Leo X started an Indulgence Jubilee in 1517 to pay for the building of St. Peter’s Basilica   “as soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs” Luther was distressed    Indictment of the abuses in the sale of indulgences Thousands of copies were made and spread all Germany Luther was compared to John Hus and in 1520 Luther realized he needed to leave the RCC

Luther’s Writings and Consequences

  – Luther calls for German princes to overthrow papacy control – attacked the sacramental system as a way for the papacy to maintain  Reform of monasticism where clergy can marry treatise proclaiming faith alone ensures salvation 1521 – RCC excommunicates Luther Charles V called for Luther to appear before the Reichstag  Luther refused – made Luther an outlaw within the empire

Spread & Conflict

   Luther translated the Bible into German and his New Testament sold 200,000 copies in twelve years   Preaching spread Luther’s ideas Mostly to the upper classes (the literate) Adreas Carlstadt wanted to initiate a more radical reform  Abolish all relics, images, and the Mass Erasmus and other Christian Humanists left the movement because it was breaking up Christendom (1524-1525)   Peasants were unhappy with position and revolted Luther issued pamphlet  “smite, slay and stab” the peasantry

Organizing the Church

 Luther got rid of all sacraments but  Baptism- rebirth through grace  Communion- forgiveness of sin  Luther denied  Believed spirit of god was present, but the bread and wine wasn’t Christ's corporal flesh  Got rid of the Clergy  Married a nun, Katherine von Bora as an example

Political turmoil allows Lutheranism to spread

 1519, Charles I of Spain (grandson of Maximilian) elected Holy Roman Emperor 

Charles V

 Spain & its overseas possessions  Austrian lands  Bohemia  Hungary  Low Countries  Naples

Charles V’s Problems distract from Lutherans

 Rivalry with Francis I, king of France  Disputed territories in France, Netherlands, Rhineland, Northern Spain, Italy (1521-1547)  Papacy sided with France  1527: Charles V’s army sacked Rome  By 1530 Charles V controlled much of Italy  Turks overran most of Hungary, moved into Austria

Charles V’s Problems distract from Lutherans

  Charles wanted the hundreds of German states to stay united under Catholicism  made up of German Princes and German states promised to defend each other from Charles V Schmalkaldic Wars (1546-1547)  Initially Charles V won   The League allied with new French king, Henry II Charles had to call a truce religion of his subjects , 1555, division of Christianity acknowledged, right of each German ruler to choose the Charles abdicated the throne in 1556 to live in a monastery

Swiss Protestantism

 Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531)  Strongly influenced by Christian Humanism  Became a priest in Zürich, Switzerland  Reformed the church in Zürich  Relics and images abolished  Paintings and decorations removed  Music eliminated from services  Believed communion was strictly symbolic – NO physical presence of Christ  Battled with rural Swiss  Killed, cut up, burned, ashes scattered

Anabaptists

– more radical reform movement  Advocated adult baptism  Strict democracy- all believers equal  Complete separation of church and state  Refused to hold political office  Would not bear arms  Nearly wiped out in the Peasants’ War

Anabaptists

   Settled in Münster – turned to belief the end of the world is at hand  Took over town, burned all books but bible  Kicked out and returned to pacifist ways Menno Simmons (1496-1561)  Peaceful evangelist  Separation from the world to emulate Jesus  Strict discipline, banned those who didn’t conform  “Mennonites” , Mennonites and Amish (Anabaptists) still exist today

John Calvin

 John Calvin (1509-1564)  French scholar, not safe in France, moved to Basel – synthesis of Protestant thought  Justification through faith alone – God elects those who will be saved or damned before they are born  In Geneva, created document that made a church government overseeing moral life  Colors of clothing, music, church attendance, behavior

Create a Thesis and Outline

 What were the main tenets of Lutheranism, Zwinglianism, Calvinism, and Anabaptism  Create a unifying thesis – one sentence  Outline three supporting paragraphs  Terms, names, facts

Next Time: Seminar

 Prepare for a seminar on the Counter Reformation  Re-read section in book  Look over outline  You may bring note cards  You will be asked specific and opinion questions  Points rewarded for participation

English Reformation

 Henry VIII (1509-1547) wanted to divorce his wife

Catherine of Aragon

 Spanish princess to Ferdinand and Isabella  Only delivered on living heir, daughter Mary  Henry in love with lady-in waiting, Anne Boleyn

English Reformation

 Henry relied on Cardinal Wolsey, the highest ranking church official in England to obtain an annulment from Pope Clement VII  sack of Rome in 1527 made pope rely on Charles V  (nephew of Catherine)

English Reformation

 Anne Boleyn became pregnant, Henry secretly married her in 1533  Thomas Cranmer (archbishop of Canterbury) declared Henry’s marriage to Catherine null because Catherine had been married to Henry’s brother, Arthur, first  Anne gave birth to a girl, Elizabeth : Henry is the head of the Church of England church : punishable by death to deny the king had supreme head of the  Thomas More beheaded under Treason Act

English Reformation

 Under the new centralized power monasteries were closed, land and possessions were confiscated by the King  Sold to nobles, gentry, merchants  Henry kept looking for the perfect wife  Catherine of Aragon – Mary (Catholic)  Anne Boleyn – Elizabeth (Protestant)  Jane Seymour – Edward (Protestant)  Anne of Cleves  Catherine Howard  Catherine Parr

After Henry’s death

 Edward VI became king at 9  Cranmer and others pushed through more Protestant reforms  Created unrest  Edward died in 1553  Mary I becomes queen  Restores Catholicism  Married Phillip II of Spain (son of Charles V) 

“Bloody Mary”

 Died in 1558

Counter Reformation Seminar

You may use note cards, no notes Points for meaningful participation

What is the Catholic Reformation?

 “Counter Reformation”  Mid-16 th century  Revival of Roman Catholicism  Aimed at fixing the problems pointed out  Aimed at stopping spread of Protestantism

Was it a Catholic or Counter Reformation?

i.e. was it primarily a reformation of the church THANKS to the protestant reformation or was it an attempt to push back Protestantism?

What orders were created/revived during the counter reformation, which were the most important? Why?

     Carmelites- created by Spanish mystic Saint Teresa of

Avila

Benedictines & Dominicans- renewed Capuchins- preaching directly to the people Theatines – founded orphanages and hospitals Ursulines – schools for girls      – founded by Ignatius of Loyola Most important to counter-reformation Absolute obedience to the papacy Education to achieve goals – took over universities Military like Missionaries reached Japan & China

What effect will the Jesuits have on the world?

How did Pope Paul III reform the papacy?

  Appointed a reform commission to study condition of the church  Commission blamed policies on popes and cardinals  Summoned Council of Trent  Established the Roman Inquisition Pope Paul IV  Created the Index of Forbidden Books  Books Catholics weren’t allowed to read  All Protestant works  Erasmus

Which reform most shows the Catholic Church’s refusal to reform?

•

Reform commission,

•

Council of Trent,

•

Roman Inquisition & Index of Forbidden Books

What did the Council of Trent do?

     Three sessions between 1545-1563 Reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings in opposition to Protestant beliefs Only the church could interpret scripture Both faith and good works needed for salvation Upheld:      Seven sacraments Transubstantiation Clerical celibacy Belief in purgatory Efficacy of indulgences (prohibited sale)

Why did clarity from the Council of Trent help the Catholic Church?

Questions/Comments?

Write your name at the top of a paper Title page Counter Reformation Seminar 1-10 points – how do you think you did?

French Wars of Religion

 French protestants  10% of French population  40-50% of French nobility  House of Bourbon  next to the Valois in the line of succession  Ruled Navarre Catherine de’ Medici (1547-1559)  Henry II – killed in tournament, Catherine regent for sons  Francis II, Charles IX, Henry III  Tried to find compromise between powerful Guise family & protestants

French Wars of Religion

 Groups willing to fight monarchy  Towns and provinces were willing to revolt against monarchy because of centralized power  Nobility willing to revolt in opposition to the crown – placed politics before religion and believed that no religious truth was worth the ravages of civil war

French Wars of Religion

 1562: Duke of Guise massacred a peaceful group of Huguenots in Vassy  1572: Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre  Henry of Navarre (house Bourbon) came to Paris to marry king’s sister  Henry’s mother brought Protestantism to France  Henry leader of Huguenots, many came for wedding  Three days of killing in the bloodiest manner  3000 Huguenots dead  Henry escaped by promising to become Catholic

French Wars of Religion

 1594: Henry of Navarre made king of France (Henry IV)  “Paris is worth a mass”  Converted to Catholicism  Edict of Nantes (1598)  Acknowledged Catholicism as official religion in France  Guaranteed the Huguenots the right to worship  Allowed to hold public offices

Philip II of Spain

 Son of Charles V  Inherited Spain, Netherlands, possessions in Italy & New World  Strict adherence to Catholicism in Philip’s holdings  Aggressive use of Spanish Inquisition  Strong monarchial authority  Tried to be center of whole government and supervised all departments  Unwilling to delegate authority  Fell behind on work and focused on trivial matters

Philip II of Spain

 Wanted to make Spain a dominant power in Europe  Economy  Prosperous economy fueled by gold in New World  Gold and Silver also created inflation that hurt economy and production  Expenses of war devastating to economy  “Most Catholic King”  Defeated Muslims in Cyprus  Tried to crush the Netherlands

Revolt in Netherlands

 One of the richest parts of Philip’s empire  Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg  Dutch, French, Flemish  Commercial crossroads (remember Hanseatic League?)  Lutheranism, Anabaptism, Calvinism taking over  Philip’s rule was strongly opposed  1566 Calvinists and Nobles destroyed stained glass  Philip sent Duke of Alba with 10,000 soldiers

Court of Blood

 Duke of Alba crushed rebellion  Repressive policies led merchants to join Calvinists  “ created a reign of terror ” or “Council of Blood”  William of Orange wished to unite all provinces – uniting under religious tolerance  Didn’t last long – Duke of Parma came and played on religious differences  South: Catholic  North: Protestant under William of Orange

Elizabeth I

   Elizabeth I became queen in 1558  Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn  Protestant – moderate, between Luther & Calvin  Brilliant, cautious, confident Imprisoned cousin, Mary Queen of

Scots

 Fled Scotland from Calvinists  Tried to overthrow Elizabeth many times  Finally beheaded in 1587 Fought the who wanted to reform the church further

Foreign Policy

    Avoided war Encouraged piracy Supported protestants in France and Spain to weaken other monarchies Philip enraged over support to the Netherlands  Believed the English would overthrow Elizabeth if he gave them a reason  Sent an Armada to invade England  Beaten by storms and fire ships!