Transcript The Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution
1700-1900
Chapter 9
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I. The Beginnings of
Industrialization
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A. SETTING THE STAGE
1. The Industrial Revolution refers
to the increased output of
machine-made goods
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B. Industrial Revolution Begins in
Britain
1. Agricultural Revolution
a) Wealthy landowners began
buying up land
b) Improved farming methods
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2. The Agricultural Revolution
Paves the Way
a) Enclosures
1) enclosed land with fences or
hedges
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b) The enclosure movement had two
important results:
1) Landowners experimented with
new agricultural methods
2) Forced small farmers to become
tenant farmers or to move to the
cities
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c) Jethro Tull
1) Invented the seed drill, 1701
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3. Rotating Crops
a) process improved upon older
methods
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(a) food supplies increased
(b) living conditions improved
(c) England’s population grew
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4. Why the Industrial Revolution
Began in England
a) large population of workers
b) extensive natural resources:
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1) water power & coal to fuel the
new machines
2) iron ore to construct machines,
tools, & buildings
3) rivers for inland transportation
4) harbors from which merchant
ships set sail
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c) Expanding economy to support
industrialization
1)Business people invested in the
manufacture of new inventions
2)highly developed banking system
3)Growing overseas trade
4)economic prosperity
5)increased demand for goods
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d) political stability gave the country
an advantage
1) Parliament passed laws to
encourage & protect business
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2) Britain had all the
factors of production
a) resources needed to produce
goods & services
(1)land
(2)labor
(3)capital (or wealth)
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C. Inventions Spur
Industrialization
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1. Changes in the
Textile Industry
a) John Kay
1) flying shuttle
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b) James Hargreaves
1) Spinning Jenny
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c) Richard Arkwright
1) Water frame, 1769
2) used waterpower from streams to
drive spinning wheels
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d) 1779, Samuel Crompton
1) Spinning mule
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e) Edmund Cartwright
1) power loom
(a)Run by waterpower
(b) bulky & expensive machines
(c)took the work of spinning &
weaving out of the house
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f) Factories
(1) set up the machines in large
buildings
(a) needed waterpower
(b) first were built near rivers &
streams
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g) 1793,
Eli Whitney
(1) an American-invented cotton gin
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D. Improvements in
Transportation
1. Steam engine
a) 1705, coal miners used steam
powered pumps to remove water
from deep mine shafts.
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2. Watt’s Steam Engine
a) 1765, faster & more efficient
while burning less fuel
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b) 1774, Watt joined with Matthew
Boulton, an entrepreneur
1) a person who organizes,
manages, & takes on the risks
of a business
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3. Water Transportation
a) Robert Fulton
1) Built a steamboat, Clermont
a) England, water transportation
improved with canals
b) human-made waterways
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4. Road Transportation
a) John McAdam, a Scottish engineer
1) Developed “macadam” roads
2) travel without sinking in mud
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b) Turnpikes
1) Private roads built & operated
for profit
2) pay tolls
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E. The Railway Age Begins
1. Steam-Driven Locomotives
a) 1804, Richard Trevithick
b) hauled ten tons of iron over
nearly ten miles of track
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2. The Liverpool-Manchester
Railroad
a) 1829, the Rocket, designed by
Stephenson & his son.
b) officially opened in 1830
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F. Railroads Revolutionize Life in
Britain
1. cheap way to transport materials &
finished products
2. created new jobs for both railroad
workers & miners
a) miners provided iron for the tracks &
coal for the steam engines
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3. boosted England’s agricultural &
fishing industries
a) transport products to distant cities
4. railroads encouraged
a) country people to take distant city jobs
b) lured city dwellers to resorts in the
countryside
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Why was Britain the starting point
for the Industrial Revolution?
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favorable conditions
large supplies of coal and iron
a large labor supply
business class had capital, or wealth, to
invest
• consumer goods were affordable to all
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What changes transformed
the textile industry?
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The flying shuttle
Spinning jenny
Water frame
The new machines were too large
and expensive to be operated at
home.
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What new technologies were
part of the revolution in
transportation?
Turnpikes, or toll roads, canals,
stronger bridges, and upgraded
harbors all helped to improve
transportation.
The invention of the steam locomotive
made possible the growth of
railroads.
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II. Industrialization
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A. SETTING THE STAGE
1. Industrialization led to a better
quality of life for most people
2. The change to machine
production initially caused human
suffering
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a) caused unhealthy working
conditions
b) air & water pollution
c) child labor
d) rising class tensions
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B. Industrialization Changes Life
1. 1800s, people could earn higher
wages in factories than on farms
a) Cities grew with people looking for
jobs
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C. Industrial Cities Rise
1. Most Europeans had lived in
rural areas
2. After 1800, the balance shifted
toward cities
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a) Urbanization
1) movement of people to cities
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D. Living Conditions
1. Resulted in an explosive growth of
once quiet market towns
a) People moved into overcrowded
tenements
b) Industrial cities were polluted
(1) no sewage or sanitation system
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2. Working Conditions
a) Rigid discipline
b) Workers labored long hours
c) Work did not change with the
seasons, as it did on the farm
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d) Industry also posed new dangers
for workers
1) Factories were not well lit or clean
2) Machines injured workers
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3) Most dangerous conditions of all
were found in coal mines.
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4) Women & children were employed
because they were the cheap labor
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E. Class Tensions Grow
1. Industrial Revolution created wealth
a) Factory owners, shippers, &
merchants
b) Part of a growing middle class
1) A social class made up of:
(a) skilled workers
(b) professionals
(c) businesspeople
(d) wealthy farmers
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2. Luddites
a) Named after Ned Ludd
1) destroyed weaving machinery - 1779
2) Luddites attacked factories in N.
England, 1811
a) destroyed labor saving machinery
b) Mobs of workers rioted
(1) Mainly because of poor living &
working conditions.
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F. The Middle Class
1. Landowners & aristocrats had
occupied the top position in
British society
a) Lost social & political power
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2. Middle Class grew wealthier than
the landowners &aristocrats
3. Landowners looked down Middle
Class
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G. The Working Class
1. 1800 – 1850
a) Laborers saw little improvement in
living & working conditions
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H. Positive Effects of the Industrial
Revolution
1. Created jobs for workers
a) Contributed to the wealth of the
nation
2. Technological progress &
inventions
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3. Raised the standard of living
4. Created a demand for engineers,
clerical & professional workers
a) Expanded educational opportunities
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5. Labor Unions
a)
b)
c)
d)
Workers joined together
won higher wages
shorter hours
better working conditions
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I. Long-Term Effects
1. living & working conditions
improved
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J. The Mills of Manchester
1) Wealth from factories
a) first the mill owners - the new
middle class
b) working class standard of living
improved
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2) Children as young as 6 joined their
parents in the factories.
a) six days a week - 6 A.M. to 7 or 8 P.M.,
b) Machinery injured many children.
c) Fluff filled their lungs & made them cough.
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3) Factory Act -1819
a) restricted working age & hours
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The Working Class and the New
Middle Class
WORKING CLASS
• Farm families felt lost
when they moved to the
cities but, in time, they
developed their own
sense of community.
• Many found comfort in
the Methodist Church,
which promised a better
life to come.
• Workers protesting low
pay and harsh working
conditions were met with
repression.
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MIDDLE CLASS
Entrepreneurs benefited
most from the Industrial
Revolution.
Families lived in nice homes
and ate and dressed well.
Women were encouraged to
become “ladies.”
People valued hard work
and the determination to
“get ahead.”
Many believed the poor were
responsible for their own
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misery.
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The Industrial Revolution:
Cause and Effect
•Causes
•Increased agricultural productivity
•Growing population
•New sources of energy, such as steam and coal
•Growing demand for textiles and other mass- produced goods
•Improved technology
•Available natural resources, labor, and money
•Strong, stable governments that promoted economic growth
Immediate Effects
• Rise of factories
• Changes in transportation and
communication
• Urbanization
• New methods of production
• Rise of urban working class
• Growth of reform movements
Long-Term Effects
•Growth of labor unions
•Inexpensive new products
•Spread of industrialization
•Rise of big business
•Expansion of public education
•Expansion of middle class
•Competition for world trade among
industrialized nations
•Progress in medical care
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III. Industrialization Spreads
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A. SETTING THE STAGE
1. Great Britain has favorable
conditions for industrialization :
a) geography
b) financial systems
c) political stability
d) natural resources
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B. Industrial Development in the
United States
1.
a)
b)
c)
Same resources as Britain
fast-flowing rivers
rich deposits of coal & iron ore
a supply of laborers made up of
farm workers & immigrants.
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2. The War of 1812
a) Britain blockaded the U. S.,
1) tried to keep it from engaging in
international trade
2) forced to use its own resources to
develop independent industries
3) industries would manufacture goods
the U. S.
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C. Industrialization in the United
States
1. Began in the textile industry
a) Britain had forbidden engineers,
mechanics, & toolmakers to leave
the country
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2. Later Expansion of U.S. Industry
a) Northeast experienced much
industrial growth
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1) a wealth of natural resources: oil, coal,
& iron
2) inventions: the electric light bulb &
the telephone
3) Swelling urban population that
consumed the new manufactured
goods.
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D. The Rise of Corporations
1. Large businesses required a great
deal of money
a) To raise the money, entrepreneurs
sold shares of stock, or certain rights
of ownership
b) people who bought stock became part
owners of these businesses, which
were called corporations.
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2. A corporation is a business owned
by stockholders
a) share in its profits but are not personally
responsible for its debts.
b) Big business—
1) the giant corporations that controlled
entire industries—
2) made big profits by reducing the cost
3) workers earned low wages for long hours
4) stockholders earned high profits
5) corporate leaders made fortunes.
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E. Continental Europe Industrializes
1) The French Revolution & the
Napoleonic Wars slowed the
process of industrialization in
Europe
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F. Beginnings in Belgium
1. Belgium led Europe in adopting
Britain’s new technology
2. had rich deposits of iron ore & coal
3. fine waterways for transportation
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G. Germany Industrializes
1. Politically divided in the early 1800s.
a) Economic isolation & scattered
resources hampered industrialization
1) pockets of industrialization appeared
2) coal-rich Ruhr Valley of west central
Germany
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2. Germany develop as a military power
due to its economic strength
a) By the late 1800s, a unified, imperial
Germany had become both an
industrial & a military giant.
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3. Expansion Elsewhere in Europe
a) industrialization proceeded by region
rather than by country
b) the social structure delayed the
adoption of new methods of
production
c) geography held back others
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1) Austria-Hungary’s mountains
defeated railroad builders.
2) Spain lacked good roads &
waterways for canals.
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H. The Impact of Industrialization
1. The Industrial Revolution shifted
the world balance of power.
a) It increased competition between
industrialized nations & poverty
in less-developed nations.
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2. Rise of Global Inequality
a) Industrialization widened the
wealth gap between industrialized
& non-industrialized countries
1) required a steady supply of raw
materials from less-developed
lands
2) viewed poor countries as markets
for their manufactured products.
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b) Imperialism
1) the policy of extending one country’s
rule over many other lands,
2) gave even more power & wealth to
these already wealthy nations.
3) need for resources to supply the
factories of Europe
4) development of new markets around
the world.
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I. Transformation of Society
1. Industrialization gave Europe
tremendous economic power.
2. the economies of Asia & Africa were
still based on agriculture & small
workshops.
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IV. Transformation of Society
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A. SETTING THE STAGE
1. Industrial Revolution opened a
wide gap between the rich and the
poor.
2. Business leaders believed that
governments should stay out of
business and economic affairs.
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1. Reformers felt that governments
needed to play an active role to
improve conditions for the poor.
2. Workers also demanded more
rights and protection.
3. They formed labor unions to
increase their influence.
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B. The Philosophers of Industrialization
1. Laissez-faire Economics
a) favors a free market unregulated by
the government.
b) French for “let people do as they
please”
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2. Adam Smith
a) 1776, The Wealth of Nations
1) Three natural laws of economics:
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a) the law of self-interest—People work
for their own good
b) the law of competition —
Competition forces people to make a
better product
c) the law of supply & demand —
Enough goods would be produced at
the lowest possible price to meet
demand in a market economy.
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3. The Economists of Capitalism
a) ideas were the foundation of laissezfaire capitalism
1) the factors of production are
privately owned
2) money is invested in business
ventures to make a profit
3) Laissez-faire thinkers opposed
government efforts to help poor
workers
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b) Thomas Malthus
1) An Essay on the Principle of
Population, 1798
(a) argued that population tended to
increase more rapidly than the food
supply
(b) wars & epidemics killed off the extra
people
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c) David Ricardo
(1) Principles of Political Economy and
Taxation (1817)
(2) believed that a permanent underclass
would always be poor
(3) if there are many workers &
abundant resources, then labor &
resources are cheap.
(4) If there are few workers & scarce
resources, then they are expensive
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Laissez-Faire Economics
The physiocrats of the Enlightenment argued that government should not interfere
in the free operation of the economy. In the early 1800s, middle-class business
leaders embraced this laissez faire, or “hands-off” approach.
ADAM SMITH
A free market would
produce more goods at
lower prices, making
them affordable to
everyone.
A growing economy
would encourage
capitalists to reinvest
profits in new ventures.
THOMAS
MALTHUS
Population would
outpace the food
supply.
As long as the
population kept
increasing, the poor
would suffer.
People should have
fewer children.
DAVID
RICARDO
The “iron law of
wages” said that when
wages were high,
families had more
children.
More children meant a
greater labor supply,
which led to lower
wages and higher
unemployment. 128
C. The Rise of Socialism
1. Believed that wealthy people or
the government must take action
to improve people’s lives
a) People as a whole
rather than private individuals
own & operate the means of
production
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2. late 1700s, Jeremy Bentham
introduced the philosophy of
utilitarianism.
a) argued that the government
should try to promote the greatest
good for the greatest number of
people.
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3. John
Stuart Mill
a) led the utilitarian movement in the
1800s
b) policies that would lead to a more
equal division of profits
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c) called for the government to do away
with great differences in wealth
d) Actions are right if they promote
happiness & wrong if they cause pain
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Utilitarianism and Socialism
UTILITARIANISM
The idea that the goal of society
should be “the greatest happiness for
the greatest number” of its citizens.
Jeremy Bentham supported individual
freedom, but saw the need for government
involvement under certain circumstances.
John Stuart Mill wanted the government to
step in to improve the hard lives of the
working class.
SOCIALISM
The people as a whole, rather
than private individuals, own and
operate the means of production.
The Utopians wanted to build selfsufficient communities in which all work
was shared and all property owned in
common.
Robert Owen set up a model
community in Scotland and put
Utopian ideas into practice. 133
D. “Scientific Socialism”
of Karl Marx
1. Condemned
the evils of
industrial
capitalism
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2. Urged radical changes in the way
the economy operated
3. Communism is a form of
Socialism
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4. Karl Marx
promoted Communism
a) He wrote the Communist
Manifesto
(1) This was a radical form of
socialism that would have a
worldwide influence
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(2)Proletariat (working Class) would
rise up and overthrow the
government
b) History was a struggle between
the “Haves” and “Have Nots”
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European Industrial Revolution
Industrial
Revolution
Justifications: 19th
Century Liberalism
Social Darwinism
Social
Changes
Aristocracy
Declining in Power
Responses:
Socialism, Marxism
Labor Unions
Finance
Capitalism
Urban Industrial
Environment
Expansion of Gov't
Services
Requirements
Middle Class
Rising in Power
City Services:
Fire, Police, Water,
Sanitation
Raw Materials
Working Class Living
in Poverty
Public Health
Education
New
Markets
Peasants
Struggling to Survive
Investments
Increased
Competition
Nationalism
Imperialism
Militarism
Entangling
Alliances
Underlying
Causes of
World War
Assassination
of Archduke
Ferdinand
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