Transcript Inequalities, development and undevelopment

IInequalities, development and
undevelopment
Introduction/ definition
I- A wide range of poverty to wealth
II- The criteria for measuring these inequalities
III- Symptoms of poverty
IV- The causes of the wealth gap
V- Diversity within the South and the North
Conclusion
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introduction
Today, in the world, great wealth disparities are existing between countries
and individuals. These gaps have widened in the twentieth century. We are
talking about multi-track world to characterize this diversity.
Definitions
HDI: Acronym for the UN, pointing to the Human Development Index. The
HDI measures the living conditions of inhabitants of a country. It takes into
account life expectancy , literacy and schooling rates and incomes
(GDP) of a population. It is measured from 0 to 1, the greater the higher the
population status is satisfied (France 0.946).
LDCs: Less Developed Countries.
GNP per inhabitants. : Gross National Product per inhabitants is the total
production of a country in one year, divided by the number of inhabitants.
I- A wide range of poverty to wealth
•
Across the world there is an
opposition between the developed
countries, called North (they are
mostly in the northern
hemisphere, apart from Australia
and New Zealand), and those of
the Third World or South.
Developed countries are rich
countries, which enjoy a high level
of development. Instead, the
South facing many problems and
the majority of their populations
are very poor.
•the limit North/South
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►Across continents, there are also wide gaps in wealth. So North
America is very rich, while Latin America is essentially composed of
poor countries. Similarly, within each continent, major differences
are emerging: for example, in Europe, Romania is much poorer than
Switzerland.
►At country level, it is often rich regions and poor regions coexist.
This is the case in Italy: the North, which constitutes the heart of
economic and industrial countries, is very rich on the contrary, those
in the South, more rural, are significantly more disadvantaged (high
unemployment).
►In large cities there are rich neighborhoods and poor areas,
sometimes very close. Thus, in Mexico City slums are adjacent to
modern buildings. In New York, the business center, Manhattan, is
close to the poor black neighborhood, Harlem.
II- The criteria for measuring these
inequalities
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- The wealth gaps between countries are measured using the GNP by inhabitants. This indicator of
international comparison, but it is a measure of the wealth of the people only in terms of total national
wealth, it gives no indication on the living conditions of inhabitants.
• - To evaluate the living conditions of populations, using the HDI.
Again, the differences are very strong among developed countries
like Canada (highest HDI in the world) and the third world like India
(where the HDI is lower).
• III- Symptoms of poverty
•
- The countries of the South are experiencing significant social and
economic problems linked to weak state revenues and citizens. The Third
World populations have a lot of problems:
► famine, malnutrition (poor nutrition) frequent;
►Health: high infant mortality, low life expectancy;
►Education: literacy rates are often low because the state lacks the means
to educate the large number of children and parents can not send them to
school;
►Employment: Unemployment is very important, especially as the
proportion of young adults (seeking work) is higher in the population. Many
are forced to work illegally or engage in odd jobs;
►Housing: The living conditions are very difficult, families are forced to live
in shantytowns, many without access to clean water or electricity.
►Companies in developing countries are very unequal: a small rich minority
and a large poor majority, who live in very precarious conditions, coexist.
These gross inequalities occur particularly in large cities.
IV- The causes of the wealth gap
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- The differences between countries (or regions) rich and poor can be explained by
► The geographical causes climate , the terrain (desert, mountains…),Natural disasters, The
unequal distribution of natural resources (such as water, oil)
► The historical causes, economic and political
industrial revolution, which took place in Europe and the United States in the nineteenth century.
Instead, Third World countries have not experienced this phase
-. the backwardness of some of these countries is because of the colonization by European
countries.
- Some impoverished countries are because of the war wich causes economic problems
(Afghanistan , Irak )
► The demographic causes
- High population growth can also be a factor that aggravates the economic problems. Indeed, it
is difficult for a poor state to support a large population (education, health ...).
- However, a large population can also be useful to the economy as the United States because it
is a large consumer market and it creates lot of workers.
• V- Diversity within the South and the North
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► The third world is becoming more diverse
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The LDCs are the poorest countries in the world. Their population is facing many problems and is experiencing very
precarious living conditions.
- Other countries, like China, are try to grope their way out of poverty. The standard of living of the population
rises and improved conditions of life (literacy, increased life expectancy, improved calorie intake ...).
- Countries with substantial resources of oil, like Saudi Arabia, have experienced a rapid and dramatic enrichment.
Most of their inhabitants live in very good condition.
- Some countries, known as NPI (or emerging), are experiencing rapid growth based on industry, with a low cost of
labor. The standard of living is similar to that of the least developed countries in Europe. However, this success is
fragile.
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► The North is less diverse
- Major economic powers that make up the Triad are rich countries. Their population has a high standard of living,
which gives them access to consumption and live comfortably. But these countries also face problems such as
unemployment or exclusion. A portion of the population is poor (13% poor in the U.S.).
- Some countries, largely agricultural economy, are somewhat less affluent, such as Greece. The conditions of living
are still satisfactory.
-Northern countries represent 2O % of the population and consume 80% of the wealth.
• conclusion : Today's world has a very
wide range from poverty to wealth. These
disparities tend to increase. These
economic and social inequalities are
growing.
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Gaps : écarts
Multi-track : différents rythmes
HDI : IDH, indice de développement humain
Life expectancy : espérance de vie
Literacy rate : taux d’alphabétisation
Incomes : revenus
LDCs : PMA, pays les moins avancés
GNP : PNB, produit national brut
Wealth : richesse
Unemployement : chômage
Backwardness : retard
try to grope their way out of poverty : essayer de sortir de la pauvreté
Labor : main d’oeuvre