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US-Japan Workshop on Power Plant Studies and Related
Advanced Technologies with EU Participation
Fusion energy introduction: Impacts on grid and
hydrogen production
Satoshi Konishi and Yasushi Yamamoto,
Institute for Advanced Energy, Kyoto University
Contents
Jan.25, 2006
1.Introduction of fusion electricity and its impact
on grids
2.Hydrogen production by fusion update
Photo by K. Okano
Introduction
Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University
In order to maximize the market chance of fusion,
we study
0. Socio-economic aspects of fusion
1. Improvement in adoptability to electricity grid
2. Development of hydrogen production process
3. High temperature blanket with SiC-LiPb system.
1. Study on the impacts on grids
Startup power
Grid capacity and sources
Future trends
Energy flows in fusion reactor
Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University

Q=50, Pi=60MW → auxiliary power ratio = ~13%
Pc＝Pi+Pa
Pa = Pf / 5
Pn
Plasma
Q
3060MW
Pi =
60MW
h d Pd
1.13
he
MPn
Driving
System
hd
Pe=hePth
1450MW
0.4
Pd
120MW
Pcir=ePee
200MW
0.5
Auxiliary
System
hanc

Generator
Blanket
M
Pnet=(1-e)Pe
1250MW
Paux
~5% 80MW
Fusion needs power to start and continue to run.
Grid
Pf + Pi
Pth=Pc+MPn
3372MW
Auxiliary
in power
plants
Institute ofpower
Advanced Energy,
Kyoto University
Coal
Oil
Nuclear
Fusion
Current drive /
Auxiliary
heating
Coal crusher
Coal feeder
Tritium handing
Oil feeding pump
Exhaust gas treatment system
Recirculation pump
Condensate water pump
Cooling water pump
Control system
Others
Magnet cooling
Auxiliary power ratio of various system
Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University
System
Capacity
[MW]
utilization
of facilities
[%]
Auxiliary
power ratio
[%]
Fusion
1,000
75
~13.0
Nuclear Fission
1,000
75
3.4
Oil thermal
1,000
75
6.1
LNG thermal
1,000
75
3.5
Coal thermal
1,000
75
7.4
Hydro
10
45
0.25
geothermal
55
60
7.0
wind power
0.1
20
10
1.0
0.003
15
15
5
0
Photovoltaic
utility
home
Source： 内山洋司；発電システムのライフサイクル分析，研究報告，（財）電力中央研究所(1995)
Electric Grids
Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University
Electricity can not be stored.
 Generation must respond to the demand.
 Grid capacity is different for each regions

United States
 Japan
 Europe
 Asia

Grid capacity changes time-to-time.
 Response time of the grid is limited.

Electric
grid
capacities
Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University
Eastern Grid
~500GW
Western Grid
~140GW
Texas Grid
~53GW
UTPTE
~270GW
Vietnam
~8GW
East Japan
~80GW
West Japan
~100GW
Thailand
~20GW
Physics Today, vol.55, No.4 (2002)
Electric Grid in Japan –Structure –
Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University
Comb structure due to geographical reason
Utility Name
Max. demand (~2003)
Largest Unit (Nuclear)
DC connection
600MW
Hokuriku
5,508MW
540MW
West Japan Grid
60Hz, ~100GW
Hokkaido
5,345MW
579MW
Tohoku
14,489MW
825MW
600MW
Kyushu
17,061MW
1,180MW
Chugoku
12,002MW
820MW
Shikoku
5,925MW
890MW
Kansai
33,060MW
1,180MW
Chubu
27,500MW
1,380MW
Tokyo
64,300MW
1,356MW
300MW
East Japan Grid
50Hz, ~80GW
Electric Grid in Japan
Demand (GW)
Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University
Hour
 Grid capacity is almost a half of maximum at early morning.
 Requirements different in each country.
Demands in the southasian countries
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* Source JBIC report 18
Cambodia
Peak Power (MW)
Vietnam
Peak Power (MW)



Laos
Peak Power (MW)
Thailand
Peak Power (MW)

Fusion startup power
Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University
Power demand in ITER standard operation scenario
Active power
P
= ~300MW
dP/dt = ~230MW/s
Reactive power
Q > 600MVA
by on-site compensation
Qgrid = ~ 400MVA
Power
generation
control
Institute of Advanced
Energy, Kyoto University
> ~10min
ELD or manual
Demand curve
Demand
Sustained Element
Fringe element
Cyclic element
3min< t < 10min
AFC
< ~3min
governor
of each UNIT
(spinning reserve)
< ~0.1min
Self-regulating
Time
Spectrum of Demand change
In Japan, usual value of spinning
reserve is ~3% of total generation
Calculation model
Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University

Calculation model
Thermal Generator
10km
100km Transmission Line
Hydroelectric Generator
Demand
10km
Reference Capacity
Transmission Voltage
System capacity
Impedance per 100km
Capacitance
: 1000MVA
: 115kV
: 7-15GWe
: 0.0023+j0.0534[p.u.]
: jY/2 = j0.1076[p.u.]
Fusion Reactor
250
200MW/s
200
frequency(Hz)
active power(MW)
Frequency deviation by Fusion reactor
startup
Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University
150
100
50
0
0
10
20
time(sec)
30
Demand of active power
0.00
-0.02
-0.04
-0.06
-0.08
-0.10
-0.12
-0.14
-0.16
12GWe Grid
12GWe系統
56GWe Grid
56GWe系統
0
20
40
time(sec)
60
Frequency deviation
80
Effects of load variation time
Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University
250
0.0
200
5MW/sec
150
23MW/sec
100
77MW/sec
50
230MW/sec
0
0
20
40
time(sec)
Load variation pattern
60
frequency(Hz)
ac tive powe r(MW)
Grid Capacity： 8.3GWe
-0.1
5MW/sec
23MW/sec
77MW/sec
230MW/sec
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
0
20
40
time(sec)
Frequency deviation
Deviation becomes small with decrease of load variation rate
There exists large difference between 23MW/s and 77MW/s
At 5MW/s, generators response to the load increase.

60
Influence
to
the
power
grid
Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University

Maximum Frequency Fluctuation [Hz] for 7GW grid
Load change rate [MW/s]
Peak Load [MW]

23
77
230
130
0.05
0.07
0.08
230
0.08
0.15
0.16
330
0.11
0.30
0.33
Maximum Frequency Fluctuation [Hz] for 15GW grid
Load change rate [MW/s]
330
23
77
230
0.03
0.05
0.06
Effects of maximum load value
Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University
0.0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1.0
-1.2
frequency(Hz)
frequency(Hz)
Grid Capacity： 8.3GWe
5MW/sec
23MW/sec
77MW/sec
230MW/sec
0
20
40
60
time(sec)
Maximum load : 230MW
80
0.0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1.0
-1.2
5MW/sec
23MW/sec
77MW/sec
230MW/sec
0
20
40
time(sec)
60
80
Maximum load : 330MW
・When maximum load exceeds some value, large frequency deviation is observed.
（Setting of spinning reserve configuration largely affects ）
・If variation rate is small, 330MW demand which is almost same as spinning
reserve capacity, does not cause large frequency deviation.
Effects of grid configuration
Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University


The grid capacity of 10-20GW is required to supply startup
power of ITER like fusion reactor. In the small grid, more than
the usual value (3% of total capacity) of spinning reserve is
required
The influence also depends on the grid configuration, as
response time of each power unit is different.
Response speed
Hydro
fast 10~50%/min
Oil
5%/min
Coal
slow
Nuclear
not allowed now in Japan
Solar/Wind
1%/min
No response
Fusion role in the grid
Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University

Thailand
Solar/Wind

Japan
Solar/Wind
Solar/Wind
Fission
Fission
Coal
Coal
Fusion
Oil
Oil
Gas
Gas
Gas
Hydro
Hydro
Solar/Wind
Coal
Oil
Fusion
Gas
Hydro
Hydro
Coal
Oil
Difference in Grid Composition
Grid Capacity
Kansai, night
： 14GWe
Kansai, daytime ： 30GWe
Thai
： 15GWe
output(GW)
Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University
Change of the Load
200MW, 200MW/sec
frequency(Hz)
0.00
-0.02
-0.04
-0.06
-0.08
-0.10
-0.12
-0.14
-0.16
10
20
time(sec)
Frequency change
Nuclear
Hydro
Fossil fire
Kansai,night
Kansai,day
Thai
Composition of grid
Kansai, Night
Kansai, daytime
Thai
0
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
30
・Large and fast load affects grid.
Small capacity cannot respond.
・Grid in Thailand is smaller than
Kansai, but has more capacity to
accept fusion load.
Conclusion and suggestions
Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University
Starting fusion plant can be a major impact on
some small grids.
- fusion must minimize startup demand.
Response and reserve of the grid are different.
- grids in developing countries could be
suitable for fusion introduction.
Fusion must study the characteristics of future
customers.
study “best mix” for each country.
Hydrogen market
Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University
Market 3 times larger than electricity
・Carbon-free fuels required
－ Exhausting fossil resources
－ Global warming and CO2 emission
・Dispersed electricity system
－ Cogeneration
－ Fuel cell,
－ micro gas turbine
(could be other synthetic fuels)
Aircraft
Energy demand(GTOE)
・Future fuel use
－ Fuel cells for automobile
－ aircrafts
Automobile
25
Electricity
Solid Fuel
Liquid Fuel
Gaseous Fuel
20
15
10
5
0
2000
2020 2040
Substitute fewer than electricity source
2060 2080
Year
2100
Example of Outlook of Global Energy Consumption by IPCC92a
Fusion can produce Hydrogen
Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University
Proposed reaction : (C6H10O5 )+H2O+814kJ = 6CO+6H2
6CO+6H2O = 6H2+6CO2 18.6Mt/y waste←60Mt/inJapan
◯Processing capacity
Feeds 1.1M FCV /day or
・4240t／h waste
280t of H2
17M FCV/year*
◯endothermic reaction converts both biomass and fusion into fuel.
・2.5GWt
5.1GWe equivalent with FC(@70%)
H2 280 t/h
Heat exchange,
CO2 3.1E+06 kg/h
Shift reaction
2120 t/h biomass
CO 2.0E+06 kg/h
Fusion
H2 1.4E+05 kg/h
Reactor
H2O
2.5ＧＷｔｈ
Chemical
Steam cooler
Reactor
(640 t/h)
He
(*assuming 6kg/day
Turbine
1.16E+07 kg/h
600℃
or 460g/year, MITI,Japan)
Energy Eficiency
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◯amount of produced hydrogen from unit heat
・low temperature（３００℃）generation
→ conventional electrolysis
・high temperature（９００℃）generation
→ vapor electrolysis
・ high temperature（９００℃） → thermochemical production
From 3GW heat
300C-electrolysis
900C-SPE electrolysis
900C-vapor electrolysis
900C-biomass
efficiency electricity
33%
50%
50%
1 GW
1 .5 GW
1 .5 GW
ー
ー
Hydrogen
Energy
consumption production
2 8 6 kJ/ mol
25t / h
2 3 1 kJ/ mol
4 4t /h
1 8 1 kJ/ mol
5 6t /h
6 0 kJ/ mol
3 4 0t / h
Conversion of Cellulose by Heat
Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University
n(C6H10O5) + mH2O
50%
1.5
H2
CO
1.0
0.5
CO2
0
700
CH4
800
900
1000
Temperature [℃]
1100
The gas generation rates[vol.%]
Gas flow rate 85ml/s
2.5 Cellulose0.15g
Vapor concentration
2.0 4%
Conversion ratio
Gas production [×10-3mol]
3.0
H2 + CO + HCs
30
120
25
100
CO
CO2
CH4
H2
Tempareture
20
15
10
5
800
600
400
200
0
600
650
700
750
800
time[s]
850
900
Current result is 37% conversion efficiency, w/o catalyst.
950
0
1000
Heat Balance
Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University
320
[Temperature difference due to endothermic reaction]
Absorbed heat was
measured with endothermic
reaction.
Estimated heat efficiency
was ca. 50%. (not limited
by Carnot efficiency)
220
8/10-0.05g
170
8/10-0.15g
120
8/10-0.3g
70
20
-30 0
50
100
150
200
-80
[Time]
0.6
Heat quantity of endothermic
reaction[kJ]
Measure heat transfer was
19 kw/m2.
270
0.5
(8/10mm)
(17/19mm)
100% H2
Generated H2
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.1
0.2
(C6H10O5)[g]
0.3
0.4
Hydrogen Production by Fusion
Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University
Fusion can provide both high temperature heat and
electricity
- Applicable for most of hydrogen production processes
There may be competitors…
As Electricity
-water electrolysis, SPE electrolysis : renewables, LWR
-Vapor electrolysis : HTGR
As heat
-Steam reforming:HTGR(800C),
-membrane reactor:FBR(600C)
-IS process :HTGR(950C)
-biomass decomposition: HTGR
Reactor Design
Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University
Reference reactor design
Heat transfer pipes : 20mm diameter
Heat exchange surface : 12.5m2/m3 Per unit
volume.
Height : 20m (reaction section : 10m)
Diameter : 10m
Heat flux : 19kw/m2
Total heat consumption : 170MW
Product (CO+H2) gas
Processing rate
:80t/hr (at 100% conversion)Waste Feed(×4)
of cellulose (dry weight): 210t/hr (at 40%
conversion)
H2 production rate : 11 t/hr(at 100% efficiency)He (high temperature)
4 t/hr(at 30% efficiency)
Char
With fusion reactor generating 2.5GW heat,
25 of above reactor can be operated.
High temperature steam
He
Energy Source Options
Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University
For hydrogen production, some energy sources provide limited
options.
renewables LWR
Conv.electrolysis
○
○
Vapor electrolysis
×
×
IS process
×
×
Steam reforming
×
×
Biomass hydrogen
×
×
fusion(HTGR)
○
○
○
○
○
FBR
○
×
×
?
?
Renewables (PV, wind, hydro) cannot provide heat.
LWR temperature not suitable for chemical process.
Fusion (with high temperature blanket) has stronger advantage
in hydrogen production applications.
Advantage of fusion over other energy
Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University
○Possible high temperature
・impossible for PV, wind or LWRs.
・higher than FBR.
・Equivalent to HTGR.
○Site and location, deployment in developing country
・less limitation of nuclear fuel cycle, nuclear proliferation.
・while nuclear policies differ by the governments, fusion
is internationally pursued.
・possible location near industrial area.
・independent from natural circumstance.
Useof of
Fusion
Institute
Advanced
Energy,Heat
Kyoto University
Blanket and generation technology combination
requires more consideration.
Blanket option
temperature technology efficiency challenge
WCPB
300 ℃
Rankine
33%
proven
HCPB/HCLL
~500℃
Rankine
~40%
proven
Supercritical
500 ℃
SCW
DCLL
~700℃
SC-CO2
~50%
GEN-IV
LL-SiC
900℃
SC-CO2
50%
IHX?
900℃
Brayton
~60%
GEN-IV
900℃
H2
??
>40% available
Development of SiC-based intermediate heat
exchanger started.
??
When fusion will be used?
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resource
price
Possible Introduction price mill/kWh
Possible introduction price of Fusion :
increases with time as fossil price increases.
renewable
technology
year
Current target of the
development
Fusion is introduced into the market at this
crossover probably with fossil.
Investment
and contribution
factor
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Energy, Kyoto University
・various sponsors provide funding
・fusion must look for sponsors from future market.
is it electricity?
sales
Fission reactor case
1960
Basic transfer
research Research
institute
Research
institutes
６．２％
For R&D
industry
utility
Further competitiveness
improvements
commercialization
R&D budget to total sales
Industry
basic
R&D/
Basic
applied commercial Research
total sales research research development contribution
Chemical
5.4%
14.7%
26.0%
59.3%
40.7%
ceramics
2.4%
8.1%
23.5%
68.4%
31.6%
steel
1.9%
6.3%
15.7%
78.0%
22.0%
Metal
1.4%
4.0%
11.0%
85.0%
15.0%
machinery
4.0%
5.4%
23.0%
71.6%
28.4%
electrical
Electronic/
instruments
5.9%
5.8%
27.4%
66.7%
33.2%
5.7%
2.7%
13.6%
83.8%
16.3%
Fine machinery 6.8%
8.4%
softwares
4.0%
22.6%
73.5%
26.6%
0.7%
4.3%
95.1%
5.0%
Conclusion
Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University
Socio-economic study suggests more advantages and
Technical challenges for fusion.
For electricity generation, characteristics of fusion should
be improved in terms of grid operation.
Hydrogen production has advantage,
significant development.
-market study
-components and processes
-material, tritium contamination
but
needs
High temperature blanket and energy application may be
key issues.
What will happen in Reactor Design Studies
Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University
International activities toward DEMO
- Updated plasma data from physics
- Concepts on timetable (within 25 years?)
- “Broader Approach” activity
Needs to respond to Socio-Economic requirements
- safety
- electricity cost and quality
- hydrogen production
Correlated technology developments
- high temperature blankets
- power conversion
- high temperature divertor
- tritium compatible power train