Prayer Attendance Homework

Nervous System Ms. Doshi

Organization of the Vertebrae Nervous System

There are 3 types of neurons:

1. Sensory neurons ( 감각 신경 )

• Sensory neurons (afferent neurons) transmit ( the brain and spinal cord.

전송 ) impulses from sensory organs (ex: the eye and the ear) to

2. Motor neurons ( 운동 뉴런 )

• Motor neuron (efferent or effector neurons) transmit impulses from the brain and spinal cord to muscles or glands.

3. Interneurons ( 의 interneurons)

• Interneurons (association neurons) join together sensory and motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord, and process neural output ( 공정 신경 출력 ).

3 Types of Neurons

3 types of neurons:

Sensory neurons ( 감각 신경 ) Motor neurons ( 운동 뉴런 ) Interneurons ( 의 interneurons)

Nerves

• • • Nerves Organized bundles ( 조직 번들 ) of axons covered ( 적용 ) by connective tissue ( 결합 조직 ).

Transmit ( 전송 ) impulses ( 전기 자극 ) over long distances. Named according to ( 에 따라 ) type of neuron.

– Examples: sensory nerves and motor nerves.

Mixed Nerves

• • • • • Have both sensory and motor neurons. Conduct impulses in either direction ( 어느 방향 ). Cell bodies of mixed nerves join together to form ganglia. Ganglia coordinate ( 좌표 Verb: 대등하게 하다 ) activities in the nervous system.

Ganglia in the brain or spinal cord are called nuclei.

Questions

1. What are the three types of neurons?

2. What do sensory neurons do?

3. What do motor neurons do?

4. What do interneurons do?

5. What are nerves?

6. What do nerves do?

7. What are mixed nerves?

8. What do mixed nerves do?

9. What are ganglia?

10.What do ganglia do? 11.Another name for ganglia in the spinal cord or brain.

Organisation of the Nervous System

•

Memorize

Organisation of the Nervous System

C E A D G F B H

CNS: Brain

• • • Brain Outer part has nerve cell bodies (gray

matter)

Inner part has axons

(white matter)

Has 3 parts: – – –

forebrain midbrain hindbrain

• •

Forebrain: Structure

Telencephalon

– Cerebrum (center part) – Right and left hemispheres joined by the corpus callosum • Each hemisphere has 4 lobes: parietal, temporal, occipital, and frontal. – Cerebral cortex (largest part of the human brain) – Contains olfactory lobe

Diencephalon

– Contains thalamus and

hypothalamus

4 Lobes of Each Hemisphere

g f

Forebrain: Structure

a b c d e

• • Telencephalon Cerebral cortex – Processes and integrates sensory input and motor response. 프로세스 및 감각 입력 및 모터 응답을 통합 – Controls memory and creative thought. 제어 메모 리와 창조적 인 생각 . Olfactory lobe – Centre for reception and integration of olfactory input. 리셉션과 후각 입력 의 통합 을위한 센터 .

Forebrain

• • Diencephalon Thalamus – Relay and integration center ( 릴레이 및 통합 센터 cortex.

) for the spinal cord and cerebral Hypothalamus – Controls visceral functions ( 내장 기능을 제어 ) such as hunger, thirst, sex drive, water balance, pain, blood pressure, and temperature regulation.

– Links the nervous and endocrine systems.

Questions

1. What is the function of: • • Cerebral cortex Olfactory lobe • Hypothalamus • Thalamus 2. What is the largest part of the human brain?

3. What are the two major parts of the forebrain?

4. What are the four lobes in each hemisphere?

5. What joins the right and left hemisphere?

6. What part of the brain has nerve cell bodies?

7. What part of the brain has axons?

8. What are the three parts of the brain?

Midbrain

• • Relay center for visual and auditory impulses. 시각 및 청각 자극 에 대한 릴레이 센터 . Sends sensory information to the forebrain. 전뇌 에 감각 정보 를 전송합니다 .

Hindbrain

• • • Posterior part of the brain.

All higher sensory neurons and motor neurons pass through the hindbrain.

Consists of the cerebellum, the pons, and the medulla oblongata.

Hindbrain: Cerebellum

• • • Functions: Coordinates and modulates motor impulses into unconscious coordination of movement. 을 변조한다 좌표 와 운동의 의식이 조정 에 모터 충동 . Hand-eye coordination. Maintain posture and balance. 자세와 균형을 유 지 .

Hindbrain: Pons

• • Functions: Relay center( 중계 센터 ) for cortical fibers to the cerebellum. Has nuclei (ganglia) that regulate ( 규제 Verb: 규 정하다 ) the respiratory centers in the medulla oblongata.

Hindbrain: Medulla Oblongata

• Function: Controls autonomic, homeostatic activities such as breathing, heart rate, and gastrointestinal activity.

CNS: Spinal Cord

• • • Continues with the brain stem.

Nearly all nervous tissue innervating viscera ( 에 분포하는 의 내장을 ) and muscle, below the head, pass through the spinal cord.

The spinal cord integrates simple motor responses (reflexes) and relays information to and from the brain. 척수 는 간단한 모터 응답 ( 반사 ) 를 통합하고 및 뇌 에서 정보를 릴레이합니다 .

Spinal Cord

• • White matter – Contains motor and sensory axons. Gray matter – Contains interneurons and cell bodies of motor neurons.

• •

Sensory Root Nerve Fibers vs. Motor Root Nerve Fibers

Sensory root nerve fibers: – Relay information to the spinal cord – Enter the spinal cord dorsally.

– Their cell bodies are outside the spinal cord in the dorsal root ganglia.

Motor root nerve fibers: – Connect with the spinal cord ventrally.

– Their cell bodies are inside the spinal cord

Questions

1. What does the midbrain do?

2. What are the three parts of the hindbrain?

3. What does the cerebellum do?

4. What does the pons do? 5. What does the medulla oblongata do?

6. What does the spinal cord do?

7. What is the gray matter in the spinal cord?

8. What is the white matter in the spinal cord?

9. What do sensory root nerve fibers do? Where are their cell bodies?

10.What do motor root nerve fibers do? Where are their cell bodies?