Transcript OFFICE OF THE STATE FIRE MARSHAL

FVCC Fire Rescue
Nozzles and Fire Streams
2-13.1 Identify a fire stream. (3-3.7)
 2-13.2 Identify the purposes of a fire
stream. (3-3.7)
 2-13.3 Identify the advantages of using
water as an extinguishing agent.
 2-13.4 Identify the disadvantages of
using water as an extinguishing agent.

OBJECTIVES
2-13.5 Identify three major types of fire
stream patterns. (3-3.6, 3-3.9)
 2-13.6 Identify three sizes of fire
streams (3-3.6, 3-3.9)
 2-13.7 Identify the design of the three
major types of fire stream nozzles and
tips (3-3.6, 3-3.9)

OBJECTIVES
2-13.8 Identify the required nozzle
pressure of fire streams. (3-3.6, 3-3.9)
 2-13.9 Identify the major parts of a fog
nozzle (3-3.7)
 2-13.10 Identify the water flow through
various types of fog nozzles. (4-3.1)
 2-13.11 Identify the operations of fire
stream nozzles. (3-3.6, 3-3.9)

OBJECTIVES
2-13.12 Identify the nozzle pressure
effects and the flow capabilities of fire
stream nozzles. (3-3.9)
 2-13.13 Identify nozzle reaction (3-3.6,
3-3.9)
 2-13.14 Identify water hammer and one
method of its prevention. (3-3.9)

OBJECTIVES
2-13.15 Identify three observable results
that are obtained when the proper
application of a fire stream is
accomplished (3-3.9)
 2-13.16 Identify the safe procedures in
the handling of fire hose and associated
equipment. (3-3.9)

OBJECTIVES
2-13.17 Identify methods of preventing
damage to a nozzle and associated
equipment. (3-3.9)
 2-13.18 Identify the types of ground
cover fires. (3-3.8)
 2-13.19 Identify the procedures for
extinguishing ground cover fires. (3-3.8)

OBJECTIVES
2-13.20 Identify the procedures for
extinguishing ground cover fires (3-3.8)
 2-13.21 Identify the equipment necessary
for foam application. (3-3.15)
 2-13.22 Identify the following methods of
water application. (3-3.7)

◦ 2-13.22.1
◦ 2-13.22.2
◦ 2-13.22.3
Direct
Indirect
Combination
OBJECTIVES

2-13.23 Identify the use of nozzles
carried on a pumper as required by
Section 3-8 of NFPA1901, Standard for
Automotive Fire Apparatus, 1996 ed, (33.9)
◦ 2-13.23.1
Open and close a fog nozzle.
◦ 2-13.23.2
Adjust the stream pattern on a
fog nozzle
◦ 2-13.23.3
Adjust the flow setting on an
adjustable gallonage fog nozzle
◦ 2-13.23.4
Open and close a solid stream
nozzle.
OBJECTIVES
2-13.24 Identify the use of adapters
carried on a pumper as required by
Section 3-8 of NFPA 1901, Standard for
Automotive Fire Apparatus.
 2-13.25 Identify the procedures for
inspecting nozzles for damage. (3-3.6, 33.9)

OBJECTIVES


2-13.26 Identify the procedures for cleaning
and maintaining nozzles. (3-3.6, 3-3.9)
2-13.27 Identify the procedures for
extinguishing or controlling the following live
fires working as a member of a team and
using appropriate protective equipment,
firefighting tools, and extinguishing agents:
◦ 2-13.27.1
Piles/stacks of Class A combustible
materials (exterior)
OBJECTIVES
◦ 2-13.27.2
Open pans for combustible
liquids (exterior)
◦ 2-13.27.3
Vehicle fires
◦ 2-13.27.4
Storage containers (exterior
dumpster/trash bin)
◦ 2-13.27.5
Class A combustible materials
within a structure (interior attack)
◦ 2-13.27.6
A hidden fire within a
structure
◦ 2-13.27.7
Ground cover fire
OBJECTIVES
2-13.28 Identify assembling the
components of a foam fire stream. (33.15)
 2-13.29 Identify the application technique
of Class B foam. (3-3.15)
 2-13.30 Demonstrate the following
methods of water application: (3-3.7(b),
3-3.9(b))

OBJECTIVES
 2-13.30.1
 2-13.30.2
 2-13.30.3
Direct
Indirect
Combination
 2-13.31.1
 2-13.31.2
nozzle
 2-13.31.3
gallonage fog
 2-13.31.4
Open and close a fog nozzle.
Adjust the stream pattern on a fog
◦ Demonstrate the use of nozzles carried on a
pumper as required by Section 3-8 of NFPA
1901, Standard for Automotive Fire Apparatus,
1996 ed. (3-3.9(b))
Adjust the flow setting on an adjustable
nozzle.
Open and close a solid stream nozzle
OBJECTIVES
2-13.32 Demonstrate the use of adapters
carried on a pumper as required by
Section 3-8 of NFPA 1901, Standard for
Automotive Fire Apparatus.
 2-13.33 Demonstrate the procedures for
inspecting nozzles for damage (3-3.6(b),
3-3.9(b))

OBJECTIVES
2-13.34 Demonstrate the procedures for
cleaning and maintaining nozzles. (33.6(b), 3-3.9(b))
 2-13.35 Demonstrate extinguishing or
controlling the following live fires working
as a member of a team and using
appropriate protective equipment,
firefighting tools, and extinguishing
agents:

◦ 2-13.35.1
Piles/stacks of Class A
combustible materials (exterior)
OBJECTIVES
◦ 2-13.35.2
Open pans for combustible
liquids (exterior)
◦ 2-13.35.3
Vehicle fires
◦ 2-13.35.4
Storage containers (exterior
dumpster/trash bin)
◦ 2-13.35.5
Class A combustible materials
within a structure (interior attack)
OBJECTIVES
◦ 2-13.35.6
◦ 2-13.35.7
A hidden fire within a structure
Ground cover fire
Demonstrate assembling the components
of a foam fire stream (3-3.15)
 Demonstrate application technique of
Class B foam (3-3.15)

 IFSTA, Essentials, 4th ed, Chapters 12-13
 Delmar, Firefighter’s Handbook, copyright 2000,
Chapters 10-11
OBJECTIVES

A stream of water or other extinguishing
agent, after it leaves the fire hose and
nozzle until it reaches the desired point.
IDENTIFY A FIRE STREAM



Applying water or foam directly to
burning material to reduce its
temperature.
Applying water or foam over an open
fire to reduce the temperature so
firefighters can advance hand lines
closer to effect extinguishment.
Reducing high atmospheric
temperature.
PURPOSES OF A FIRE STREAM
Dispersing hot smoke and fire gases from a
heated area by using a fire stream.
 Creating a water curtain to protect firefighters
and property from heat.
 Creating a barrier between a fuel and a fire by
covering with a foam blanket.

PURPOSES OF A FIRE STREAM
TS 13–2a
Is readily available
Is inexpensive
Has great heat-absorbing capacity
Absorbs a large amount of heat when
converting to steam
 The greater its surface area, the greater
the heat absorption




◦ Chipped ice vs. single ice cube
◦ Fog stream vs. solid stream
◦ Steam vs. liquid
EXTINGUISHING
PROPERTIES OF WATER
TS 13–2b
EXTINGUISHING PROPERTIES OF
WATER (cont.)

Is unique in that it expands both upon
freezing and upon changing into its vapor
state
◦ Water in pipes subject to freezing may rupture
 Undrained automatic sprinkler piping in unheated
buildings
 Wet barrel hydrants
 Shallowly buried underground pipes
◦ Its 1700:1 expansion ratio during vaporization
allows it to absorb more heat
PHYSICAL STATES OF WATER
Solid
Ice
32°F (0°C)
Liquid
Water
32°F to 212°F
(0°C to 100°C)
Increasing Temperature
Gas Invisible
Water Vapor
Above 212°F
(100°C)
VS 13-2
WATER AS STEAM
• At 212ºF (100ºC) water expands to approximately 1,700 times its
original volume.
• Steam absorbs more heat faster, cooling fuel below ignition
temperature.
• Steam displaces hot gases, smoke, and other products of
combustion.
10 feet (3 m)
• In some cases, steam may smother fire by excluding oxygen.
20 cubic feet (0.57 m3) of
water @ 500°F (260°C)
converts to 48,000 feet (1
359 m) of steam
96 feet (29 m)
VS 13-3
VS 13-4
FRICTION LOSS
Velocity: Rate of motion of particle in a
a given direction; speed
Friction Loss: Pressure lost while forcing water
through pipe, fittings, fire hose,
and adapters.
Critical Velocity: Turbulence caused when a stream
is subjected to excessive velocity

Greater heat absorbing capacity than
other common extinguishing agents
◦ One BTU is the amount of heat required to
raise the temperature of one pound of water
one degree F.
◦ Cools fuel below ignition temperature

A relatively large amount of heat is
required to vaporize liquid water to steam
– 970 BTU’s are required to vaporize
water, changing it to steam.
ADVANTAGES OF USING WATER
The greater the surface area of the water
exposed, the more rapidly heat will be
absorbed
 Water converted to steam occupies 1700
times the original volume occupied by the
liquid

◦ Displaces hot gases, smoke and other products
of combustion.
ADVANTAGES OF USING WATER

Water has a considerable amount of
surface tension
◦ Will not readily penetrate certain porous
materials.
◦ Will react with combustible materials
 Certain metals
◦ Freezing will occur at 32 degrees F (0 degrees
C)
◦ Water has low viscosity; it will not cling or
readily coat materials
◦ May conduct electricity under certain conditions
DISADVANTAGES OF USING
WATER
TS 13–3

Rough hose lining

Damaged couplings


Sharp bends/kinks in
hose

Partially closed
valves/nozzles

Wrong size gasket

Excessive hose
length

Excess flow for hose
size
Adapters
CAUSES OF FRICTION LOSS
TS 13–4
CAUSES OF PRESSURE LOSS
OTHER THAN FRICTION LOSS

Broken hoseline

Mechanical problem due to poor water supply

Error in hydraulics calculation

Obstructions from the pump or water main

Elevation of nozzle above pump
VS 13-5
SOME REASONS FOR PRESSURE LOSS
Damaged
Couplings
Kinks or
Sharp Bends
Adapters
Hose Length
Elevation
Loss
Hose Diameter/Length
100 gpm
100 gpm
1½
30 psi Loss
per 100 ft.
2½
3 psi Loss
per 100 ft.
TS 13–5

Check for rough
linings in fire hose.
• Keep nozzles and valves
fully open when operating
hoselines.

Replace damaged
hose couplings.

Eliminate sharp bends
in hose when
possible.
• Use proper size hose
Use adapters to make
hose connections only
when necessary.
much as possible.


Reduce amount of
flow.
gaskets for hose selected.
• Use short hoselines as
• Use larger hose or
multiple lines when flow
must be increased.
GUIDELINES FOR
REDUCING FRICTION LOSS
TS 13–6
Nozzle above  Fire Pump = Pressure Loss
Nozzle below  Fire Pump = Pressure Gain
ELEVATION LOSS/GAIN
VS 13-6
WATER HAMMER
Water hammer hits everything
Pump
Piping
Hose
Hydrant
Coupling
Main
Open and close all nozzles and valves slowly.
TS 13–7
Is surge created by
suddenly stopping
the flow of water
through fire hose or
pipe
• Can damage pumps,

Is often heard as a
distinct clank, much
like a hammer
striking pipe
• Can be prevented by

Causes a change in
direction of energy
and multiplies the
energy many times

hoselines, water mains,
couplings, nozzles, and
hydrants
WATER HAMMER
operating nozzle
controls, hydrants,
valves, and hose clamps
slowly

Solid streams
◦ Designed to produce a stream as compact as
possible with little shower or spray
◦ Produced from a fixed orifice
◦ Longer reach than other types of streams
◦ Reduced problem of steam burns to firefighters
and trapped civilians as a result of disturbance
to the normal thermal layering of heat and
gases during interior structural attack
◦ Operating pressures (2-3.9(a))
 50 psi on handlines
 80 psi on master stream devices
FIRE STREAM PATTERNS

Fog streams
◦ A fog stream is a patterned stream composed
of fine water droplets
◦ Variable stream patterns can be produced
 Wide angle fog
 Narrow angle fog
 Straight stream
◦ Greater heat absorption due to more surface
area of water exposed
◦ May be used in close proximity to energized
electrical equipment
FIRE STREAM PATTERNS
◦
◦
◦
◦
Have less reach than solid streams
Less penetrating power than solid streams
Susceptible to wind currents
Improper use during interior attacks can
 Spread fire
 Create heat inversion
 Cause steam burns to firefighters and trapped
civilians
◦ Operate at designed pressure
FIRE STREAM PATTERNS

Broken Stream
◦ Solid stream broken into coarsely divided water
droplets
◦ Droplets are larger than fog stream droplets
and have better penetration
FIRE STREAM PATTERNS

Fire streams are identified by size and
type
◦ The size is the amount of water in gallons per minute
that will flow at a specified pressure.
◦ The type of fire stream is the pattern
 Booster lines
◦ Low-volume stream: Discharge is generally less than 40 GPM
◦ Handline stream: Generally range from 40-350 GPM
 ½” to 2” diameter handlines (small):40-100 GPM
 2 ½” – 3” diameter handlines (medium large) 165-350 GPM
◦ Master stream: Discharge is greater than 350 GPM
THREE SIZES OF FIRE STREAMS

Solid stream nozzles
◦ Shape of the stream in the nozzle is gradually
reduced until it is a short distance from the
outlet
◦ Has a smooth finished waterway one to one
and one-half times its diameter
◦ Discharge orifice should be no greater than
one-half the diameter of the hoseline supplying
the nozzle.
DESIGN

Fog stream nozzles
◦ Set or constant gallonage nozzles
 One flow rate at a given discharge pressure
◦ Adjustable gallonage nozzles
 Allows one of several preset gallon settings to be
selected
◦ Automatic nozzles
 Discharge a wide range of flows depending on the
pressure being supplied to the nozzle
DESIGN
VS 13-22
NOZZLE CONTROL VALVES ROTARY
CONTROL VALVE
A screw guides
an exterior barrel
around an interior barrel.
This valve also
controls the
stream discharge
Pattern.
Adjustable gallonage nozzles
Set or constant gallonage nozzles
Automatic nozzles

Broken stream nozzles
◦ Limited to special applications
◦ Designed for a specific use
◦ Types are:
 Water curtain
◦ Designed to produce a fan-like pattern that is most
effective if sprayed directly upon the exposure being
protected
 Cellar or distributor nozzle
◦ Designed to be raised or lowered through holes in
floors or ceilings
 Piercing nozzle
◦ Designed with a hardened steep tip that can be driven
through a wall or partition
◦ Can be used on truck or engine compartment of a
vehicle
DESIGN






Smooth bore handline:
50 PSI
Fog handline, normal
100 PSI
Fog handline, mid-pressure 75 PSI
Fog handline, low pressure
50 PSI
Smooth bore master stream 80 PSI
Fog master stream
100 PSI
NOZZLE PRESSURE

Nozzle control valve
◦ Permits regulation of the flow
◦ Types:
 Ball valve
 Slide valve
 Rotary control
FOG NOZZLE

Exterior barrel
◦ Body of nozzle
◦ Rotating changes stream pattern

Deflecting stem
◦ Position in relation to barrel determines shape
of stream

Gallonage adjustment ring (on variable
gallonage nozzles)
◦ Used to select gallons per minute desired
FOG NOZZLE

Rubber bumper/guard
◦ Located on barrel of nozzle
 Provides solid grip for adjusting stream pattern
 Protects nozzle if dropped
◦ Play pipes
 Tapered pipe used to accelerate flow
 Usually found on 2 ½ inch nozzles
◦ Stream straightness
 Used to prevent the twisting motion of a fire stream
FOG NOZZLE

Accessories
◦ Pistol grips (Throw them away!)
◦ Large double handles (usually 2 ½ inch
nozzles)

Identify the water flow through various
types of fog nozzles 2-13.10 (4-3.1)
FOG NOZZLE

Periphery – deflected
◦ Produced by deflecting water from the
periphery of an inside, circular stem and then
again by the exterior barrel
◦ Position of exterior barrel determines shape of
stream
WATER FLOW THROUGH FOG
NOZZLES

Impinging jet
◦ Developed by driving several jets of water
together at a fixed angle
◦ Usually produces wide fog patterns
WATER FLOW THROUGH FOG
NOZZLES