Transcript Slide 1

The Eco-Town Programme
in Japan
René VAN BERKEL
Chief, Cleaner and Sustainable Production Unit,
United Nations Industrial Development Organization
With contributions from Prof Tsuyoshi FUJITA,
Dr Shizuka HASHIMOTO, Prof GENG Yong and
Dr. Munori FUJI
National Institute for
Environmental Studies
Contents

Eco-Town Programme in Japan

1997-2006

Eco-Town Programme

Recycling Projects

Comparative Analysis

Concluding Remarks
2
Eco-Town Programme in Japan
30 March 2011
Eco-Town Programme
Industrial and Urban Symbiosis
Industrial
Symbiosis
Use of industrial by-products in industrial operations
Engages traditionally separate industries in a collective approach to competitive
advantage involving physical exchange of materials, energy, water and/or
by-products. The keys are collaboration and the synergistic possibilities
offered by geographic proximity
Urban
Symbiosis
Eco-Towns
Use of byproducts from cities in industrial operations
Exploitation of synergistic opportunities arising from the geographic proximity
of urban waste sources and potential industrial users through the transfer of
physical resources (‘wastes’) for environmental and economic benefit
van Berkel, et all (2009) Industrial and Urban Symbiosis in Japan: analysis of the
Eco-Town Programme in Japan
Eco-Town Program 1997-2006, J of Env Man, Vol 90, pg 1544-1556
3
30 March 2011
Eco-Town Programme
Eco-Town Programme

Context

Legal framework for transition towards
recycling-based society
Improve resource productivity by 40%
 Increase recycling to 40%
 Decrease landfill by 50%



In 2010 compared to 2000
Aim


Extend the life of existing landfill sites
Revitalize ageing local industries
van Berkel, et all (2009) Industrial and Urban Symbiosis in Japan: analysis of the
Eco-Town Programme in Japan
Eco-Town Program 1997-2006, J of Env Man, Vol 90, pg 1544-1556
4
30 March 2011
Eco-Town Programme
Eco-Town Programme
Local Authority
Eco Town Plan
National
Government
MoE
METI
Grants (1997-2004)
Investment
subsidies 1997-2005
Innovative
Recycling Plants
(61 projects)
MoE = Ministry of Environment
METI = Ministry of Economy,
Trade & Industry
NPO = Not for Profit
Organisation
execution
Investment subsidy
execution
Local Enterprises
“hardware” project
Town Planning,
Community
Recycling and
Outreach (26 towns)
participation
Research and
other NPO
Citizens
“software” project
van Berkel, et all (2009) Industrial and Urban Symbiosis in Japan: analysis of the
Eco-Town Programme in Japan
Eco-Town Program 1997-2006, J of Env Man, Vol 90, pg 1544-1556
5
30 March 2011
Eco-Town Programme
Eco-Town Programme
van Berkel, et all (2009) Industrial and Urban Symbiosis in Japan: analysis of the
Eco-Town Programme in Japan
Eco-Town Program 1997-2006, J of Env Man, Vol 90, pg 1544-1556
6
30 March 2011
Eco-Town Programme
Example Eco-Towns
Location
1. Kawasaki
Approval
1997
Target Region
Coastal areas of
Kawasaki
(seaport and
adjacent
industrial area)
2.
Kurihara
1999
Uguisuzawa
area in Kurihara
City
3.
Minamata
2001
Minamata City
Profile
The Basic Concept for the Project to Make Kawasaki City
Environmentally Harmonious is an industrial rejuvenation plan for
the harbour areas that were previously predominantly used by heavy
industry (as part of the Keihin Industrial Area, the largest industrial
area in Japan). It aims primarily for effective utilisation of
residential, commercial and industrial wastes generated in the city
and recycling these into raw materials that can be used by industries
located in the city (e.g. cement and iron and steel works).
The Uguisuzawa Eco-Town Project was established in a former
mining region and specifically developed to use existing industrial
expertise and resources from different companies to establish novel
recycling processes for metal containing wastes.
The Minamata Eco-Town Plan provides a citizen-based model for
garbage separation and collection (into 22 recyclable streams) and
contributes to the overall environmental rehabilitation of this city
whose citizens were adversely impacted by one of the worst
industrial pollution incidents globally, known as the Minamata
disease.
van Berkel, et all (2009) Industrial and Urban Symbiosis in Japan: analysis of the
Eco-Town Programme in Japan
Eco-Town Program 1997-2006, J of Env Man, Vol 90, pg 1544-1556
7
30 March 2011
Kawasaki





City of 1.3M inhabitants, midway between
Tokyo and Yokohama
Central location for metallurgical and chemical
production in the Keihin industrial belt, driving
Japanese economy in 1950-1970
1972 Pollution Prevention Ordinance in
response to citizen’s protests
From 1980’s industrial stagnation, and from
1990’s lacking landfill space
In 1990’s conceptualized EcoTown programme
which was approved in 1997
van Berkel, et all (2009) Quantitative Assessment of Urban and
Industrial Symbiosis in Kawasaki, Env Sci & Tech, pg 1271-1281
8
Eco-Town Programme in Japan
30 March 2011
Recycling Projects
Recycling Projects
Eco-Town
Hokkaido
Hyogo
Iida
Kamaishi
Kawasaki
Recycling Project
Dismantling plant from home electronic appliances
Recycling plant for paper containers and packaging waste
Gasification plant for waste tyres
Recycling plant for PET bottles
Recycling plant for fluorescent lights
Recycling plant for seafood processing waste
Recycling of plastics as reductant (for blast furnace)
Recycling of plastics for concrete formwork
Recycling plant for unsorted and contaminated paper wastes
Recycling of plastics for ammonia production
PET to PET recycling plant
Total
Investment
(M JPY) (*)
1,538.3
331.2
3,389.4
420.0
160.0
300.0
2,744.4
2,606.6
5,014.8
7,400.0
8,000.0
Subsidy
(%)
42%
45%
44%
48%
48%
na
50%
50%
42%
50%
50%
Capacity
(ton/year)
14,400
6,000
60,000
6,500
365,000
2,300
50,000
20,000
73,800
64,000
27,500
165,787.3
Average
36%
1,995,247
van Berkel, et all (2009) Industrial and Urban Symbiosis in Japan: analysis of the
Eco-Town Programme in Japan
Eco-Town Program 1997-2006, J of Env Man, Vol 90, pg 1544-1556
9
30 March 2011
Recycling Projects
Kawasaki (2006)
Municipal Waste
Collecton
Waste Plastics
Commercial and Industrial
Waste Collectors
Stainless Steel
Scrap
Municipal Waste
Water Treatment
Plant
PET bottles
NAS
Stainless Steel
Mill
(370 ktpa)
PET REBIRTH
PET to PET
Recycling Plant
(27.5 ktpa)
SHOWA DENKO
Chemical Works
(~ 125 ktpa)
soot
Construction Waste/Soil
DC Cement
( 1.01 Mtpa)
Organic Waste
Waste
Plastics
Scrap Metal
Sewage
Sludge
Blast
Furnace Slag
Home
Appliances
Waste Plastics
Paper
Sludge
JFE STEEL
Integrated Steel Works
(4 Mtpa)
Scrap Metal
Power
Light
Tubes
JFE ENVIRONMENT
Home Appliances
Dismantling
(400,000/yr)
JFE ENVIRONMENT
Fluorescent Light Tubes
Recycling
(5,000/day)
Process
Water
JFE ENVIRONMENT
Concrete Formwork
Plant
( 18ktpa)
CORELEX
Paper Mill (69
ktpa)
Mixed Paper
Wastes
Waste Water
Treatment Plant
< 10,000 ton/yr
10,000 – 100,000 ton/yr
> 100,000 ton/yr
van Berkel, et all (2009) Quantitative Assessment of Urban and
Industrial Symbiosis in Kawasaki, Env Sci & Tech, pg 1271-1281
Power
Micro-Turbine
10
Eco-Town Programme in Japan
30 March 2011
Recycling Projects
Recycling Projects
Distribution of Total Investment
investment
60 projects
in in24
Eco-Towns
(60 projects
24 Eco-Towns)
165,485 Million JPY
Distribution of Total Investment Subsidy
investment subsidy
60 projects
in 24 Eco-Towns
(60 projects in 24 Eco-Towns)
59,168 Million JPY
others (20)
9%
others (20)
10%
Hyogo (1)
2%
Hyogo (1)
3%
Toyama (4)
2%
Chiba (9)
27%
Akita (4)
3%
Toyama (4)
2%
Chiba (9)
31%
Akita (4)
4%
Naoshima (2)
3%
Naoshima (2)
2%
Sapporo (3)
4%
Sapporo (3)
6%
Tokyo (1)
2%
Tokyo (1)
4%
Kitakyushu (7)
6%
Kitakyushu (7)
5%
Kawasaki (5)
16%
Bingo (2)
12%
Bingo (2)
7%
Omuta (2)
6%
Kawasaki (5)
21%
Omuta (2)
13%
van Berkel, et all (2009) Industrial and Urban Symbiosis in Japan: analysis of the
Eco-Town Programme in Japan
Eco-Town Program 1997-2006, J of Env Man, Vol 90, pg 1544-1556
11
30 March 2011
Analysis
Motivation

Eco-Town Program drivers

Waste management


Development of recycling industries


Revert industry downturns resulting from opening
of economy and exhaustion of mines
Environmental remediation


Need to achieve recycling targets
Industry modernization


Availability of landfill space
Environmental hot-spots
Town planning and community development

Strengthen sense of place and improve credibility
of local government
van Berkel, et all (2009) Industrial and Urban Symbiosis in Japan: analysis of the
Eco-Town Programme in Japan
Eco-Town Program 1997-2006, J of Env Man, Vol 90, pg 1544-1556
12
30 March 2011
Analysis
Motivation
20
18
18
16
15
number of eco-towns
14
12
10
9
9
8
6
5
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
2
2
1
1
0
0
Waste management and
landfill space
Recycling industry
development (and targets)
primary motivation
Industry modernisation
secondary motivation
Environmental remediation
Town planning and
community development and
engagement
tertiary motivation
van Berkel, et all (2009) Industrial and Urban Symbiosis in Japan: analysis of the
Eco-Town Programme in Japan
Eco-Town Program 1997-2006, J of Env Man, Vol 90, pg 1544-1556
13
30 March 2011
Analysis
Recycling Projects
30
29
25
# of recycling facilities
20
15
13
10
10
9
9
7
6
7
6
6
6
5
5
6
5
5
4
4
3
3
2
2
00
3
2 2
1
2
1
0
1
0
4
2 2
1
0
2
2
111
11
0
1
00
1
0
3
2
2
1
0
2
1
0
0
2
1
0
3
2
1 1
0
0
1 1
0
1
2
1
0
1
0
0
a
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ao ta
sh
im
O
a
ka
ya
m
a
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m
ut
a
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sa
k
Sa a
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or
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zu
ka
To
ky
To o
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Ya am
a
m
ag
uc
hi
Yo
kk
ai
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i
ar
a
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in
am
i
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u
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Ko
sh
ky
u
ta
Ki
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w
as
ak
i
i
a
ai
sh
m
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Ka
ifu
ka
id
o
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yo
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ok
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hi
ba
Eh
im
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ng
o
or
i
m
Bi
ita
Ao
Ak
Ai
ch
i
0
Eco-Towns
subsidised
not subsidised
planned
60 subsidised, 107 unsubsidised and further 39 planned
van Berkel, et all (2009) Industrial and Urban Symbiosis in Japan: analysis of the
Eco-Town Programme in Japan
Eco-Town Program 1997-2006, J of Env Man, Vol 90, pg 1544-1556
14
30 March 2011
Analysis
Recycling Projects
50
45
11
40
35
# of projects
30
6
25
15
8
20
2
8
15
19
1
10
1
5
0
2
4
3
2
3
AF&R
C&DW
ELV's
0
9
9
subsidised
20
0
0
6
4
7
4
5
4
3
4
industrial
metal
recovery
MSW
organics
paper
1
glass
2
20
4
0
3
12
not subsidised
plastics
WEE
5
wood
planned
van Berkel, et all (2009) Industrial and Urban Symbiosis in Japan: analysis of the
Eco-Town Programme in Japan
Eco-Town Program 1997-2006, J of Env Man, Vol 90, pg 1544-1556
15
30 March 2011
Analysis
Characterization

Central principle is development and
application of 3R concepts and
technologies

Principal benefit areas:



Productivity
Amenity
Key stakeholders working with
government


Civil society
Private sector
van Berkel, et all (2009) Industrial and Urban Symbiosis in Japan: analysis of the
Eco-Town Programme in Japan
Eco-Town Program 1997-2006, J of Env Man, Vol 90, pg 1544-1556
16
30 March 2011
Analysis
Characterization
Private Sector
(existing and emerging industries
and their supply chains)
Amenity
(environmental quality,
quality of life, and
community development)
Reuse, Reduce
and Recycling
(3R) Initiatives
Productivity
(industry competitiveness,
modernisation and
innovation)
Actors
Civil Society
(community, academia and
NGOs)
Benefits
van Berkel, et all (2009) Industrial and Urban Symbiosis in Japan: analysis of the
Eco-Town Programme in Japan
Eco-Town Program 1997-2006, J of Env Man, Vol 90, pg 1544-1556
17
30 March 2011
Analysis
Characterization
Private Sector
Industrial Symbiosis
Corporate Social
Responsibility
EcoEfficiency
Reuse, Reduce
and Recycling
(3R) Initiatives
Amenity
Environmental
Restoration
Productivity
Actors
Environmental
Innovation
Urban Symbiosis
Civil Society
Benefits
van Berkel, et all (2009) Industrial and Urban Symbiosis in Japan: analysis of the
Eco-Town Programme in Japan
Eco-Town Program 1997-2006, J of Env Man, Vol 90, pg 1544-1556
18
30 March 2011
Analysis
Characterization
Private Sector
Ehime
Yokkaichi
Aomori
Aichi
Osaka
Bingo
16
Kawasaki
Akita
Okayama
Sapporo
Hokkaido
Hyogo
Toyama
Yamaguichi
Kurihara
Chiba
Amenity
Productivity
Kamaishi
9
Omuta
Kitakyushu
Kochi
Tokyo
Suzuka
Minamata
Naoshima
Iida
Gifu
10
Civil Society
14
van Berkel, et all (2009) Industrial and Urban Symbiosis in Japan: analysis of the
Eco-Town Programme in Japan
Eco-Town Program 1997-2006, J of Env Man, Vol 90, pg 1544-1556
19
30 March 2011
evaluation
Quantitative Assessment:
Kawasaki (2006)
Symbiosis
Material
Transferred
1.
Mixed Plastics
Waste
Alternative
Cement
Fuels
Organic Waste
Soot and other
burnt residue
2.
Alternative
Cement
Raw
Materials
WWTP sludge
Paper Sludge
Construction
Soil
3.
Substitute
Cement
Material
BF Slag
Material Benefits at Source
Company
Benefit
Quantity
(ktpa)
Commercial
Diverted
6.75
Waste
from
Collectors
incineration
Commercial
Diverted
14.86
Waste
from
Collectors
incineration
Commercial
Diverted
0.7
Waste
from
Collectors
landfill
Kawasaki
Diverted
20
WWTP
from
incineration
CORELEX
Diverted
16.8
from
incineration
Commercial
Diverted
Unknown
Waste
from
Collectors
landfill
JFE Steel
Diverted
315
Works
from
landfill
Material Benefits in Application
Company
Benefit
Quantity
(ktpa)
DC
Coal
9.1
CEMENT
Substitution
DC
CEMENT
DC
CEMENT
Limestone
substitution
55
Clay
substitution
263
Clinker
(produced
on-site)
No
separate
data
Note: ktpa = kilo ton per annum, WWTP = Waste Water Treatment Plant
(1)
Calculated on basis that form boards made from recycled plastics are on average used 20 times compared to plywood form boards only 5 tim
van Berkel, et all (2009) Quantitative Assessment of Urban and
Industrial Symbiosis in Kawasaki, Env Sci & Tech, pg 1271-1281
20
Eco-Town Programme in Japan
30 March 2011
evaluation
Quantitative Assessment:
Kawasaki (2006)
Symbiosis
Material
Transferred
4.
Mixed Plastics
Waste
(approximately
50% plastic
containers &
wrapping and
50% industrial
waste plastics)
Mixed Plastics
Waste (plastic
containers and
wrapping)
5.
6.
7.
Alternative
BF
Reductants
Synthesis
Gas for
Ammonia
Production
Plastics
Reuse in
Formboards
Recycled
Paper
Making
Material Benefits at Source
Company
Benefit
Quantity
(ktpa)
Waste
Diverted
66
Collectors
from
incineration
Kawasaki
Municipality
Diverted
from
incineration
37
Material Benefits in Application
Company
Benefit
Quantity
(ktpa)
JFE Steel
Coal
71.28
Works
SHOWA
DENKO
City Gas
Recovery of
NaHSO3,
NaCl and
CO2
Residual
waste
Mixed Plastics
Waste (plastic
containers and
wrapping)
Virgin Poly
Propylene
Kawasaki
Municipality
Diverted
from
incineration
18
Virgin
material
use
Diverted
from
incineration
(or
alternative
sorting and
processing)
2.52
Mixed Paper
Wastes (~ 47%
unsorted
archives, ~
37% mixed
paper waste,
and ~ 16%
sorted paper
waste)
Total
Commercial
Waste
Collectors
Waste Avoidance
Increased Resource Use
564.11
2.52
Miscellaneous
69
van Berkel, et all (2009) Quantitative Assessment of Urban and
Industrial Symbiosis in Kawasaki, Env Sci & Tech, pg 1271-1281
JFE
ENVIRONMENT
Substitution
of plywood
Unknown
47.52
(1)
Residual
waste
CORELEX
18,130
kNm3/yr
(~13 ktpa)
Unknown
Waste diversion
565 kton/yr
Input substitution
513 kton/yr
Virgin
Fibre Pulp
Residual
Waste
Resource Substitution
Resource Recovery
Residual Waste
Generation
Unknown
54.34
Unknown
513.24
Unknown
Unknown
Eco-Town Programme in Japan
21
30 March 2011
evaluation
Quantitative Assessment:
Kawasaki (2006)
Material
Symbiosis
1.
2.
3.
4.
BF
(BF)
Slag
as
Clinker
Substitute
in Cement
Alternative
BF
Reductant
Production
of
Ammonia
from Waste
Plastics
Production
of Formboards
from Waste
Plastics
Component
Purchase
of
granulated BF slag
Replacement
of
cement clinker
Net Benefit
Acceptance fee for
waste plastics (1)
Replacement of coal
for production of
cokes
Net Benefit
Acceptance fee for
waste plastics (1)
Replacement of city
gas as raw material
for
ammonia
production
Net Benefit
Acceptance fee for
waste plastics (1)
Sales
income,
estimated
from
substituted plywood
Purchase of virgin
polypropylene
Net Benefit
Economic Benefit
Annual
Current Price
Volume
315 ktpa
-1,673 JPY/kg
Annual Benefit
M JPY/yr
- 527
315 ktpa
3,038 JPY/kg
957
66 ktpa
62 JPY/kg
430
4,092
71.3 ktpa
10.3 JPY/kg
734
37 ktpa
63 JPY/kg
4,826
2,331
18,130
knm3/yr
60 JPY/m3
1,088
18 ktpa
89 JPY/kg
3,419
1,602
12 ktpa
143 JPY/kg
(reference)
(2)
286 JPY/kg
(board price)
167 JPY/kg
2.5 ktpa
van Berkel, et all (2009) Quantitative Assessment of Urban and
Industrial Symbiosis in Kawasaki, Env Sci & Tech, pg 1271-1281
Total economic benefit
13 billion JPY
(~ 130 million USD)
3,432
- 418
4,616
22
Eco-Town Programme in Japan
30 March 2011
Closing
Discussion

Success factors for industrial symbiosis

License to operate




Business case




Software component for local consultation and buy in
Recycling legislation provided regulatory certainty that
recycling is national priority
Widespread recognition for need to remediate past
industrial environmental pollution
Recycling legislation provides guarantee for future supply
of waste and willingness to pay
Investment subsidies reduced investment risks
Business development opportunity for industries in
decline
Proven technology

Technologies not yet available, but significant
technological capabilities available from process
industries, academia and research institutes
van Berkel, et all (2009) Industrial and Urban Symbiosis in Japan: analysis of the
Eco-Town Programme in Japan
Eco-Town Program 1997-2006, J of Env Man, Vol 90, pg 1544-1556
23
30 March 2011
Closing
Concluding Remarks

Eco-Town Programme






Involved 26 local governments
Invested 1.65 billion USD (with average subsidy of
36%) in 60 new recycling projects with capacity of
2 million tpa
Catalyzed establishment of 107 un-subsidized
recycling projects with a further 39 planned
Productivity benefits dominated over amenity
benefits
Private sector more involved than civil society
Success driven by




Availability of investment subsidies
Coming into force of recycling legislation
Access to technological resources
Urgency to act on industrial environmental
concerns
van Berkel, et all (2009) Industrial and Urban Symbiosis in Japan: analysis of the
Eco-Town Programme in Japan
Eco-Town Program 1997-2006, J of Env Man, Vol 90, pg 1544-1556
24
30 March 2011
Thank You
René VAN BERKEL
[email protected]
National Institute for
Environmental Studies