Transcript Slajd 1

How do diversity and stability depend on productivity?
Mediterranean grassland
Number of species
The relation between
plant species diversity
and productivity at a
continental scale
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
50
Biomass [ g m-2]
100
North American prairie
Number of species
Number of species
Australian vegetation
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0
400
800
Soil PO4 [ppm]
1200
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Excessive
0
1000
2000
Plant biomass + litter
Poor
Mediterranean plant plots
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Number of species
Number of species
British herbs
Drainage
Productivity
3000
200
150
100
50
0
0
50
100
Rain [cm]
150
Number of species
Atlantic cumaceans
The relation between
animal species diversity
and productivity at a
continental scale
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Productivity
0
40
30
20
10
0
0
50
100
150
Productivity
2000
3000
Depth [m]
4000
5000
Texas carnivores
50
Number of species
Number of species
Tropical mammals
1000
200
20
18
16
14
12
10
0
1000
2000
Productivity
3000
250
Palearctic birds
Evapotranspiration is the sum
of evaporation and
transpiration, hence the total
amount of water going from
living organismas and the soil
into the atmosphere.
200
S
150
100
50
It is a measure of total energy
input
0
500
1000
1500
Evapotranspiration
250
Palearctic butterflies
200
150
S
0
100
50
0
0
500
1000
Evapotranspiration
1500
Bird species numbers are correlated with annual evapotranspiration and temperature.
Patterns of fish species richness in China’s lakes
2
R = 0.75
S
S
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1
10
100
1000
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
10000
R2 = 0.34
1
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0.001
0.1
10
Lake volume [108 m3]
100
1000
Maximum depth [m]
S
S
Altitude [m]
10
1000
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0.1
10
1000
100000
Lake area [km2]
Fish species richness scales significantly with altitude and maximum depth of a lake
Lake volume is of minor importance
1000
1000
2
R2 = 0.57
R = 0.43
S
100
S
100
10
10
1
1
-10
0
10
20
30
0
Mean annual temperature
1000
500
1000
1500
Annual potential
evapotranspiration [m]
1000
2
R2 = 0.40
R = 0.53
100
S
S
100
10
10
1
1
0
500
1000
Annual actual
evapotranspiration [mm]
0
500
1000
1500
2000
Annual precipitation [mm]
Main determinants of fish species richness were annual PET,
altitude, and lake area.
From local to global patterns of energy use of single species
Define:
D: population density
W: individual body weight
PET: potential evapotransiration
M: individual metabolic rate (energy use)
T: temperature
Empirical results
M  W 0.75 ; Metabolic rate scales to body weight
D  W  z ; Population density scales to body weight; 0.5<z<1
W  ePET ; Body weight increases exponentially with evapotranspiration;   1
Mpop  MD  W0.75Wz  W0.75z
Population energy use scales to body weight
to -0.25 to 0.25, hence is roughly constant
D  (ePET )z  ezPET
Population densities should
decrease with evapotranspiration
Energy equivalence rule
M pop  (e  zPET )0.75 z  e  (0.75 z)zPET  e  (0.75zz )PET
2
Population energy use decreases or
increases with evapotranspiration
Often it will be roughly constant
T  PET
D  e  azT
Population densities should
decrease with increasing
temperature
If total biomass is at least stable or increases with evapotranspiration
we can introduce species richness into the previous equations
D  (ePET )z  ezPET
B  PET 
B  SD
PET   Se zPET  S  PET  ezPET
Species richness should nonlinear increase with potential
evapotranspiration
log (factor)
14
12
Total biomass
Total energy use
10
8
6
4
Population energy use
2
0
Individual energy use
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Potential evapotranspiration [m / yr]
log (factor)
10
Population density
8
Population biomass
6
4
Species richness
2
Individual body weight
0
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Potential evapotranspiration [m / yr]
Global patterns in energy use and population characteristics in mammals as
derived from the compilation of Currie and Fritz (1993).
The influence of productivity on the species richness of plants
z
80
Percent
100
60
Continental scale
40
20
0
Humped
Positive Negative
Ushaped
None
z
80
Percent
100
60
Regional
40
20
0
Humped
Positive Negative
Ushaped
None
z
80
Percent
100
60
Local scale
40
20
0
Humped
Positive Negative
Ushaped
None
Gillman, Wright (2006)
Productivity and stability
Are tropical populations more stable than populations in temperate or arctic regions?
5
CV
4
3
2
1
0
0
20
40
60
80
Latitude
There is no general latitudinal trend in
population variability
r
0.01
-0.72
-0.37
-0.85
0.22
-0.28
0.7
0.21
0.71
-0.09
-0.99
0.32
P
>0.1
<0.01
<0.001
<0.01
>0.1
<0.01
>0.1
>0.1
<0.01
>0.1
<0.001
<0.01
5
4
3
2
1
0
Vazquez, Stevens 2004
CV
Taxon
Hemiptera
Hymenoptera
Lepidoptera
Falconiformes
Galliformes
Passeriformes
Strigiformes
Artiodactyla
Carnivora
Insectivora
Lagomorpha
Rodentia
Today’s reading
Global patterns in biodiversity:
www.uesc.br/cursos/pos_graduacao/especializacao/biologia_florestas/insightn
aturepadroes.pdf
Diversity and stability:
www.biology.lsu.edu/webfac/kharms/12DivStabDivProd.ppt