Transcript Supreme Court Cases - Brookwood High School

Religious Reforms
Second Great Awakening
• New religious fervor swept
through US in 1830s
–Concentrated in upstate NY
What caused it?
• Reaction to changing times
–Industry & growth of cities
–Immigration
–Transportation
–Communications
Evangelism
• Responsibility to share religion
by giving testimony/witnessing
• Highly emotional type of
religion
Revivalism
• Large religious gatherings
–Often too many people there for
town – go out to a campmeeting
• Argued for political change
–Led to reform movements
Religions that began then
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Mormons (Latter-Day Saints)
Church of Christ
Jehovah’s Witnesses
7th Day Adventists
African-American Church
• Churches & revivals (in north)
often open to whites & blacks
–Children of the same God
• Slaves in S often went to church
with master (but sat separately)
African Methodist Episcopals
• Founded by free blacks
• Fought for end to slavery
• Became center of black culture
• 1st national black convention
–Looked at how to help escaped
slaves to freedom
Transcendentalism
• Appealed to people turned off
by revival religions – too public
• Philosophical movement
–Simple life
–Truth & beauty in nature
–Personal emotion & imagination
Transcendentalism
• Ralph Waldo Emerson
• Henry David Thoreau
–Optimism / freedom / self-reliance
–Follow your “inner voice”
–Civil Disobedience – follow your
conscience
Unitarianism
• Popular with northern rich, well
educated people
• No emotion – only calm reason
–Also believed in political reform
Utopian communities
• Experimental settlements
–Trying to create perfect society
• Most places didn’t last
–People had to work more than
they thought they would
Prison reform
• Earlier, jails were very brutal
–Lots of abuse
–Solitary confinement for very
long periods of time
–Kept mentally ill with prisoners
Dorothea Dix
• Prison reformer
• Move mentally ill
to hospitals
• Try to rehabilitate
– Train prisoners to
return to society
Public Schools
• PA – set up first state public
elementary schools
–Rich against it – they could pay
for private school for their kids
– Immigrants against it – ethnic pride
Public schools
• Most states didn’t have well run
public schools until late 1800s
• Most kids in 1 multi-grade class
• Most dropped out by age 10
Abolitionism
Arguments of abolitionists
• Many abolitionists wanted to
resettle slaves in Africa
• Believed free Blacks could not
coexist with Whites
Liberia
• Nation established 1847 as
refuge for freed slaves
• Liberia – “liberty”
• Capital – Monrovia
–Named after James Monroe
(resettlement originally his idea)
Abolition
• Call to outlaw slavery
–Movement fueled by preachers
–Blacks and Whites joined forces
William Lloyd Garrison
• Newspaper
editor – The
Liberator
• For immediate
emancipation
– No compensation
to owners
William Lloyd Garrison
• Founded:
– New England AntiSlavery Society
– National American
Anti-Slavery Society
• Strong support of
Blacks; little early
support of Whites
(even northern)
Free Blacks Fight for Abolition
• Some argued for violence in
the fight for freedom
–Free Blacks in north and south
were mostly low-wage workers
–Not much opportunity anywhere
Frederick Douglass
• Born a slave
• Taught to read &
write by owner’s
wife (illegally)
• Escaped to NY
Frederick Douglass
• Became friends with
WL Garrison
• Spoke out about
experiences
• Opened his own
newspaper
– The North Star
Frederick Douglass
• Favored abolition
by political means
• Also in favor of
women’s rights
Life of a slave
• By 1830 – almost 2 million
slaves in US
–Many born in US
–Most spoke English
Rural slavery
• Large plantations
–Work under an overseer
–Often plantations of 10 or more
–Sometimes work small farm
alongside owner
Urban slavery
• Worked in mines or factories,
or as artisans
–Rented out by plantations during
slow times
–Owner got rent for them
–Owner didn’t have to supervise
them in the city
Urban slavery
• Urban slaves had it somewhat
easier than rural slaves
–City people less likely to own
slaves – aren’t part of that society
–More witnesses of cruelty
Nat Turner Rebellion
• Born a slave
• Followers attacked
4 plantations;
killed 60 Whites
• Captured &
executed
Reaction to Nat Turner
• Southern whites scared of
slave uprisings
• Retaliated by killing 200 blacks
• Strengthened resolve to protect
slavery at all costs
The Virginia Debate
• Should VA gradually abolish?
–Poor/mid-class whites disliked
slavery
• Made rich richer, harder to compete
• Wealthy got more political power
–Vote in legislature – NO
• Because legislators were more likely
to be slave owners
Slave Codes
• State laws that tightened control
over free blacks in south
–Disenfranchised (Couldn’t vote)
–Couldn’t own property
–Couldn’t own weapons
–Couldn’t assemble in public
–Couldn’t purchase alcohol
Proslavery defenses
• The Bible
–Mentions slavery several times
–Ministers preached coexistence
between Christianity & slavery
Proslavery defenses
• “Happy slave” myth
–Part of a family & community,
taken care of when old/sick
– Free blacks in north “wage slaves”
• Work for pennies in dark factories
• Get fired anytime & left w/ nothing
Women’s rights
Women in mid-1800s
• Women in workforce
–About 20% of single women
–Earned about ½ what men did
(for same work)
Women in mid-1800s
• Couldn’t vote anywhere
• Couldn’t serve on juries
• Couldn’t own property if married
• Couldn’t have custody of kids
Grimké sisters
• Sarah &
Angelina Grimké
• Born on
plantation near
Charleston, SC
Grimké sisters
• Traveled around
north arguing for
abolition &
women’s rights
• 1st American
female political
activists
Temperance movement
• Movement to prohibit alcohol
• Ties to women’s movement:
–Domestic abuse
–Poverty
–Disease (including STDs)
Education reform
• 1830s – several colleges
opened for women around US
• 1837 – Oberlin College 1st to go
permanently coed
–Also 1st college to admit blacks
Healthcare reforms
• Women had many health issues
–Bad hygiene
–No exercise
–Corsets
–Childbirth
Seneca Falls Convention
• 1st women’s rights convention
• Seneca Falls, NY – 1848
• Leaders were Lucretia Mott &
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Lucretia Mott & Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Seneca Falls Convention
• Fought for:
– Gender equality
– Healthcare
– Abolition
– Education
– Temperance
– Women’s suffrage
• “Declaration of Sentiments” based on
Declaration of Independence
Sojourner Truth
• Former NY slave
• Freed when slavery
abolished in NY
• Spoke for abolition
& women’s rights