Transcript English Morphology

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How Meaning Takes Shape
defining morphology
defining
morphology
• “the study of word formation, or how
morphemes combine to form words” (Soifer)
• “morphology is to words what syntax is to
sentences . . . the internal structure of words”
(Parker & Riley)
• “the spelling-meaning connection”
(Templeton)
defining morphemes
defining
morphemes
• “the smallest meaningful units in language”
(Moats)
• “more or less constant meaning associated
with more or less constant form” (Parkey &
Riley)
• “a unit of grammar smaller than the word”
(Matthews)
• “an indivisible unit of meaning” (Ebbers)
defining
morphemes
morpheme
eme
‘minimal
distinctive unit’
‘form, shape’
morph
graph
phone
lex
‘not able to be further reduced without
‘not divisible into smaller morphemes’
losing or changing its meaning’
orthographic morphology
orthographic
morphology
Orthography
representing
sense and
meaning
is a term that refers to
a conventional writing system
specific to only one language
by which those who know and
speak the language represent its
sense and meaning to themselves
human thought made visible as text
orthographic
morphology
Orthography
morphology
structure and
sequencing
of meaning
phonology
representing
sense and
meaning
etymology
interrelation
of sense and
meaning
especially
The
other
unitsconcepts,
of
Orthographic
phonology is
speech that
phonology,
cannot
be properly
construct
meaning
subject to morphological
understood independently of
boundaries.
morphological structure and
human thought made visible as text
framework.
orthographic
morphology
Orthography
morphology
structure and
sequencing
of meaning
the organizing,
delimiting and
defining concept
No grapheme or other orthographic unit
can cross or straddle a morphemic
boundary.
Morphological analysis is essential to all
orthographic investigation.
written morphemes
written
morphemes
• A written morpheme is called an
orthographic element
• An element is a basic or indivisible unit,
a primary, unanalyzable constituent.
Every word
has a base
element.
base
written
morphemes
elements
affix
written
morphemes
elements
base
free
bound
Affixes are
always
bound.
affix
prefix
suffix
lexical
grammatical
derivational
nouns
verbs
adjectives
adverbs
pronouns
aux.verbs
prepositions
conjunctions
articles
<ness>
<ment>
<ion>
<ful>
<ly>
<ic> . . .
inflectional
<s>
<ing>
<ed>
<(e)n>
<er>
<est>
written
morphemes
• synthetic word sums
<spell> + <check>
→ <spellcheck>
<mis> + <spell> + <ing> → <misspelling>
<un> + <check> + <ed>→ <unchecked>
written
morphemes
• analytic word sums
<mishap>
→ <mis> + <hap>
<unhappy> → <un> + <hap> + <y>
<haphazard> → <hap> + <hazard>
written
morphemes
• investigating word structure
<artist>
→ <art> + <ist>
<artfully> → <art> + <ful> + <ly>
<artifact> → <art> + <i> + <fact>
written
morphemes
elements
base
free
lexical
affix
bound
prefix
connector
grammatical
suffix
inflectional
A connector is a vowel
letter that can connect a
base or suffix to another
base or suffix.
derivational
written
morphemes
actual
special
linear
evacuate
equinox
sacrifice
dictatorial
phonology
geometry
connector
A connector is a vowel
letter that can connect a
base or suffix to another
base or suffix.
Occam’s Razor
“Entities should
not be
multiplied
unnecessarily.”
Occam’s
Razor
Occam’s
the lexical
word matrix
Razor
prefixes
suffixes
more
bases
base
element
connector
vowel
root: the historical origin
of a word or morpheme
meaning
taking shape
<ge>
<bi>
<aut>
<sci>
geology
biology
autograph
scientist
geography biography automobile omniscience
geode
biome
autarchy
prescient
epigeal
amphibian
autism
conscious
Greek
γῆ
gē
‘earth’
Greek
βίος
bios
‘life’
<act>
<crede>
<laugh>
acted
actor
active
reaction
credit
incredible
credence
credulous
knows
knowing
unknown
acknowledge
Greek
Old
Latin
Latin
Latin
αὐτός
actus
credere English
scire
‘a doing, ‘to trust, cnawan
autos
‘to know’
an act’ believe’ ‘to know’
‘self’
How Meaning Takes Shape