Transcript General
Objective Personality Tests Examples of uni-dimensional traits Surveys Locus of Control Need for Cognition Tolerance of Ambiguity Type A/B Locus of Control Julian Rotter 1966 Internal vs External Control of reinforcement Internal = own action determines rewards External = rewards determined by luck, fate, chance Need for Cognition Cacioppo and Petty 1982 “tendency for an individual to engage in and enjoy thinking” Tolerance for Ambiguity MSTAT - Multiple Stimulus Types Ambiguity Tolerance David McLain 1993 “ability to tolerate contradictory and incalculable information” Trait or state? Type A/B Friedman and Jordan 1950s Type A = ambitious, rigidly organized, highly status conscious, sensitive, truthful, impatient, try to help others, meet deadlines, multi-task Type B = apathetic, patient, relaxed, easygoing, no sense of time schedule, poor organizational skills Examples of uni-dimensional traits Behavioral Impulsive/Reflective (Kagan - Matching familiar figures) Field Dependent/Independent (Witkin embedded figures) Impulsive/Reflective Matching Familiar Figures – (MFF) Jerome Kagan – 1965 Based on time to react Slower, more accurate = reflective Faster, less accurate = impulsive Field Dependent/Independent Embedded Figures Test – (EFT) Herman Witkin – 1950’s Field Dependent – has trouble finding geometric shape embedded in background = very interpersonal, reads social cues well, openly convey own feelings. Women more likely field dependent Field independent – readily finds geometric shape regardless of background = has internal frame of reference, imposes own sense of order on situation lacking structure, impersonal and task oriented, separate own self identity from field. Men frequently field independent. Personality assessment Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) Isabel Briggs Myers and Katherine Briggs 1940s Based on Jung’s personality dimensions 126 forced choice questions 20-30 minutes Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) Heavily used in research lots of validity studies used in academic and counseling settings vocational preferences interpersonal interactions Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (example of MBTI types) Measures 4 dimensions of personality extroversion-introversion (EI) sensing-intuition (SN) thinking-feeling (TF) judgement-perception (JP) combine into 16 personality types e.g. ESTJ Keirsey Temperament Sorter – II KTS-II Similar to MBTI test profile - high validity – computerized - shorter 4 Scales (E)=Expressive vs. (I)=Attentive (S)=Observant vs. (N)=Introspective (T)=Tough-minded vs. (F)=Friendly (J)=Scheduling vs. (P)=Probing MBTI/KRT/images Scores???? ESFJ – (MBTI) ISFJ – (KRT) ENTP – ABAB Reliability???? Validity????? Standardization???? Survey data 16 Personality Factors - 16 PF Cattell - 1956 - last revised 2000 data reduction by factor analysis Started with 18,000 adjectives describing personality = 16 factors 185 items (true, ?, false) 30-60 minutes 5th grade reading level (16 years and over) computer or hand score 16 Personality Factors - 16 PF Measures 16 primary personality traits good reliability - test/retest, internal good validity - construct and criterion lots of norms and profiles Heavily used in research Counseling (couples) Career and vocational guidance 16 factor scales 16 bipolar dimensions of personality 5 global factors Extraversion Anxiety Tough-mindedness Independence Self-control IM (impression management) 16 factors – additional scales Vocational themes Validity scales Leadership scores Degree of compatibility Revised NEO Personality Inventory NEO – PI-R Costa & McCrae - 1985/1995 Neuroticism Extraversion Openness Agreeableness Conscientiousness 16 PF and NEO Are they the same dimensions????? How would we tell????? Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) Original development 1940 –Hathaway & McKinley (MMPI-2 1989) MMPI-2-RF 2008 Over 18 years MMPI -A – 1992 (adolescent) 14 – 18 yrs Clinical populations paper-pencil, computer or audio 35-50 minutes About 338 questions Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2-RF) Criterion based (or data reduction) large pool of questions select appropriate criterion groups factor analysis MMPI – 2-RF scales 50 scales 8 Validity scales addiction scales supplemental scales Problems with MMPI-2 norms inter-item consistency is low high inter correlations between scores validity reading at 6th grade self-report California Psychological Inventory-260 (CPI) Developed 1956 -- revised 2005 assess normal adult personality 260 true/false questions (1/2 from MMPI) 30-45 minutes paper-pencil normed on college students California Psychological Inventory (CPI) 29 socially desirable behavioral tendencies Interpersonal styles self acceptance self control flexibility more positive than MMPI used for educational, vocational, counseling