Transcript Influenza Vaccination

Influenza Vaccination
By Jessica Davies
History
 Vaccines are used in both humans and animals
 The first influenza pandemic was recorded in 1580
 Known flu pandemics:
1889–90 — Asiatic (Russian) Flu, mortality rate said to be
0.75–1 death per 1000 possibly H2N2
1900 — Possibly H3N8
1918–20 – Spanish Flu, 500 million ill, at least 20–
40 million died of H1N1
1957–58 – Asian Flu, 1 to 1.5 million died of H2N2
1968–69 – Hong Kong Flu, 3/4 to 1 million died of H3N2
2009 - Swine Flu, caused by H1N1/09, 14,286 died
History
 In the world wide Spanish flu pandemic of 1918,
"Physicians tried everything they knew, everything they
had ever heard of, from the ancient art of bleeding
patients, to administering oxygen, to developing new
vaccines and sera Only one therapeutic measure,
transfusing blood from recovered patients to new
victims, showed any hint of success."
History
 In 1931, viral growth was discovered in embryonated hens' eggs
 The work was extended to growth of influenza virus by several
workers. leading to the first experimental influenza vaccines.
 In the 1940s, the US military developed the first approved
inactivated vaccines for influenza, which were used in the Second
World War.
 Hen's eggs continued to be used to produce virus used in influenza
vaccines, but manufacturers made improvements in the purity of
the virus by developing improved processes to remove egg proteins
and to reduce systemic reactivity of the vaccine.
 Recently the US FDA has approved influenza vaccines made by
growing virus in cell cultures and influenza vaccines made from
recombinant proteins have been approved, with plant-based
influenza vaccines being tested in clinical trials.
Why Should You Get The Flu
Shot?
 Influenza is a serious disease that can lead to
hospitalization and sometimes even death.
 Every flu season is different, and influenza infection can
affect people differently.
 Even healthy people can get very sick from the flu and
spread it to others.
 Over a period of 31 seasons between 1976 and 2007,
estimates of flu-associated deaths in the United States
range from a low of about 3,000 to a high of about
49,000 people.
 During a regular flu season, about 90 percent of deaths
occur in people 65 years and older.
How Do They Work?
 Flu vaccines (the flu shot and the nasal-spray flu
vaccine) cause antibodies to develop in the body about
two weeks after vaccination.
 These antibodies provide protection against infection
with the viruses that are in the vaccine.
 The seasonal flu vaccine protects against three influenza
viruses that research indicates will be most common
during the upcoming season.
 Three kinds commonly circulate among people today:
influenza B viruses, influenza A (H1N1) viruses, and
influenza A (H3N2) viruses.
 Each year, one flu virus of each kind is used to produce
seasonal influenza vaccine.
Types of Vaccines
 The “flu shot” — an inactivated vaccine (containing killed
virus) that is given with a needle, usually in the arm.
The flu shot is approved for use in people older than 6
months, including healthy people and people with
chronic medical conditions.
 There are three different flu shots available:
a regular flu shot approved for people ages 6 months
and older
a high-dose flu shot approved for people 65 and older
an intradermal flu shot approved for people 18 to 64
years of age.
Types of Vaccines
 The nasal-spray flu vaccine — a vaccine made with live,
weakened flu viruses that is given as a nasal spray
(sometimes called LAIV for “Live Attenuated Influenza
Vaccine”).
 The viruses in the nasal spray vaccine do not cause the
flu. LAIV is approved for use in healthy people 2 through
49 years of age who are not pregnant.
 It takes about 2 weeks after the vaccine is given before
antibodies start to develop to help protect against the
virus.
Who Should Get The Vaccine?
 Everyone who is at least 6 months of age should get a flu
vaccine.
 It’s especially important for some people to get vaccinated.
 People who are at high risk of developing serious
complications like pneumonia if they get sick with the flu.
Including:
 People who have certain medical conditions including asthma,
diabetes, and chronic lung disease.
 Pregnant women.
 People 65 years and older
 People who live with or care for others who are high risk of
developing serious complications. Including:
 household contacts and caregivers of people with certain
medical conditions including asthma, diabetes, and chronic lung
disease.
Who Should Not Get The
Vaccine?
 People who have a severe allergy to chicken eggs.
 People who have had a severe reaction to an influenza
vaccination.
 Children younger than 6 months of age (influenza
vaccine is not approved for this age group)
 People who have a moderate-to-severe illness with a
fever (they should wait until they recover to get
vaccinated.)
 People with a history of Guillain–Barré Syndrome (a
severe paralytic illness, also called GBS) that occurred
after receiving influenza vaccine and who are not at risk
for severe illness from influenza should generally not
receive vaccine.
Flu Vaccine Effectiveness
 The ability of flu vaccine to protect a person depends on
two things:
1) the age and health status of the person getting
vaccinated
2) the similarity or “match” between the virus strains in
the vaccine and those circulating in the community.
 If the viruses in the vaccine and the influenza viruses
circulating in the community are closely matched,
vaccine effectiveness is higher.
 If they are not closely matched, vaccine effectiveness
can be reduced.
Flu Vaccine Effectiveness
 It’s important to remember that even when the viruses
are not closely matched, the vaccine can still protect
many people and prevent flu-related complications.
 Such protection is possible because antibodies made in
response to the vaccine can provide some protection
(called cross-protection) against different, but related
strains of influenza viruses
Vaccine Side Effects
 Flu Shot -Soreness, redness, or swelling where the shot
was given, Fever (low grade), and Aches
 If these problems occur, they begin soon after the shot
and usually last 1 to 2 days.
 Almost all people who receive influenza vaccine have no
serious problems from it.
 However, on rare occasions, flu vaccination can cause
serious problems, such as severe allergic reactions.
Vaccine Side Effects
 Side Effects of Nasal Spray
 In Children: runny nose, wheezing, headache, vomiting,
muscle aches and fever
 In Adults: runny nose, headache, sore throat, and cough