Transcript DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES (DR)

RELATIVE CLAUSES:
1) DEFINING
2) NON-DEFINING
DEFINING RELATIVE
CLAUSES (DR)
SHE LIKES PEOPLE WHO
ALWAYS TELL THE TRUTH
NON-DEFINING RELATIVE
CLAUSES (NDR)
MY FRIEND ANDREW, WHO IS
SCOTTISH, PLAYS THE
BAGPIPES
DR CLAUSES MORE
COMMON IN SPOKEN
LANGUAGE
NDR CLAUSES MORE
COMMON IN WRITTEN
LANGUAGE
DR CLAUSES
• POSSIBLE PRONOUNS
person
thing
Subject
WHO / THAT
THAT / WHICH
Object
----- / THAT
----- / THAT
• RELATIVE PRONOUN: OBJECT
Did you like the present (that) I gave you?
• RELATIVE PRONOUN: SUBJECT
I met a man who works in marketing
NDR CLAUSES
• POSSIBLE PRONOUNS
person
thing
Subject WHO
WHICH
Object
WHO / WHOM
WHICH
• RELATIVE PRONOUN CANNOT BE
LEFT OUT
Fill in the gaps with a relative
pronoun
• The new terminal, ______ will be finished by
May, has been designed by a famous
architect
• Have you finished the book ______ I lent
you?
• The Prime Minister, ______ the paparazzi
follow everywhere, has a new girlfriend
• I don’t know the man ______ arrived just after
you
PREPOSITIONS:
DR AND NDR
• Prepositions come at the end in most cases
I can always rely on my friend 
She’s a friend I can always rely on
I went to school with Mary 
This is Mary, who I went to school with
• Prepositions come before the pronoun in a
formal written style
She is a friend on whom I can rely
It is a fact with which you cannot argue
OTHER RELATIVE
PRONOUNS
WHICH
WHOSE
WHAT
WHY
WHEN
WHERE
WHICH
• Can be used in NDR clauses to refer to
the whole of the sentence before
She arrived on time, which amazed
everybody
They had everything ready for us,
which was nice
WHOSE
• Can be used in both DR and NDR
clauses
That’s the woman whose son ran
over my dog
My parents, whose only interest is
gardening, never go away on holiday
WHAT
• Is used in DR clauses to mean the thing
that
Has she told you what’s worrying
her?
What you need is love
WHY
• Can be used in DR clauses to mean the
reason why
I don’t know why we are arguing
WHEN, WHERE
• Can be used in DR and NDR clauses
Tell me when you expect to arrive
We’ll go on Monday, when I’m free
The hotel where we stayed was
excellent
He works in Oxford, where my sister lives
AND FINALLY...
REDUCED RELATIVE
CLAUSES
• When a DR clause has a continuous or
passive verb form, we can leave out
who, that, which and the auxiliary
Everyone (who is) living in the area
complains about the noise
The first novel (that was) written by
Doris Lessing is The Grass Is
Singing