Transcript PowerPoint-presentatie

Phosphorus fertilisation:
comparing legislation in Europe
Fien Amery
Oscar Schoumans
2nd September 2014
SPS5, Montpellier
Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research
Plant Sciences Unit
www.ilvo.vlaanderen.be
In Flanders (Belgium), P application onto agricultural soils
(fertilisation) is restricted (40−95 kg P2O5/ha/yr).
Looking for phosphorus fertilisation legislation in Europe:
• N everywhere, but P?
• No general P directive or regulation in EU
• P fertilisation legislation is accommodated under
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Nitrates Directive
Water Framework Directive
Industrial Emissions Directive
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP)
Specific legislation
Agri-environmental Programs
Nowhere
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In 2007: compilation of P regulation in Europe
(COST action 869, Oscar Schoumans)
→ End 2013: completely obsolete, update necessary
In 2013-2014 an extended inventory of P legislation in
Europe was performed:
•
•
•
•
Experts contacted in European Member States
Old and updated questionnaire
Detailed questions in case of extensive legislation
Check
o Legislative documents
o Other experts
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Results
Large variations between EU Member States (MS)
– Elaborate limitations on P application
– No (specific) P regulation
– All: indirect P limitation by manure by Nitrates Directive
Max 170 kg N/ha/yr
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Overview
Country/region
P type regulated
Limits (kg P2O5/ha/y)
Limits depend upon
Austria
Belgium – Flanders
P application Regulation system
limits?
Nob
Yes
Max. rates
Total P
40–95
Belgium – Wallonia
Nob
-
-
-
Crop type, phosphate saturated soil
or not
-
-
-
-
-
Yes
Max. rates
Manure P
Extra chemical P
57
5–224
Crop type, yield and soil P
Finland
AEPa
Max. ratesa
Total Pa
0–252ad
Soil P, crop type and yielda
France – Brittany
Yes
Max. rates or balance
Total P
80–95 or export + 10%
Germany
Yes
Balance
Total P
export + 20
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Nob
Nob
Yes
Max. rates
Total P
0–286
Israel
Latvia
Luxembourg
No
Nob
AEPa
Max. ratesa
Total Paf
0–186ad
Farm type and water basin, or crop
export
Balance (crop yield and export) and
soil P
Crop type and soil P (and yield for
cereals)
Soil P, crop type and yielda
Northern Ireland
Yes
Max. rates
Chem. fertiliser Pf 0–250d
Advice (soil P, crop type and yield)
Norway
Poland
Spain
Sweden
The Netherlands
Yes
Nob
Nobe
Yes
Yes
Max. rates
Max. rates
Max. rates
Manure P
Manure P
Total P
Soil P (and crop: grass or arable crop) 5
Czech Republic
Denmark
England, Scotland
Wales
Estonia
Nob
Nobc
and Nobg
80
50
55–120
Extent/severity of limitations
The larger the problems, the more extended/severe?
– “There are no P problems”
– Most problems and most extended/severe legislation in
NW Europe
– However: some problem countries have no specific P
limitations
– Comparison is
difficult
Commission staff working
document WFD (2012)
Tóth et al. (2014)
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Legislation or agri-environmental program
• ‘Real’ legislation:
– Maximum application standards
– Balance system: limit depending on P export by crop
(Germany and in some cases Brittany)
• Agri-environmental program:
– subsidies in case of compliance
– Luxembourg and Finland
– 95% of farmers comply
• Control?
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Variation in type of restricted P application
Type of P application that is restricted
– All types of P fertilisation: Flanders, The Netherlands, Germany,
Ireland, Brittany (France)
– Only chemical P fertilisation (or combinations with chemical P):
Northern Ireland
– No manure P limitations except in combinations with other
fertilisation: Luxembourg
– Only organic fertilisers: Sweden
– Only manure: Norway
Percentage of applied P taken into account
–
–
–
–
100%
Ireland: only 50% in organic fertilisers onto low P soils
Flanders & The Netherlands: only 50% in compost
Finland: 40-100% depending on fertiliser type
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Crop differentiation
Country/region
Austria
Grassland
-
Maize
-
Cereals
-
Potatoes
-
Sugar beet
-
95
80
70–75
65
65
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Estonia
57 (manure)
46–60 (+ch)*
57 (manure)
69 (+ ch)*
57 (manure)
34–66d (+ch)*
57 (manure)
126–149d(+ch)
57 (manure)
Finland
18–55c
69c
18–32cd
126c
98c
France – Brittany
80–95 or export + 10%
80–95 or export + 10%
80–95 or export + 10%
80–95 or export + 10%
80–95 or export +10%
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Israel
Latvia
Luxembourg
Northern Ireland
Norway
Poland
Spain
Sweden
The Netherlands
export + 20
25–71
40–88acd
20–90ad
80b
50b
95
export + 20
92
120–126acd
55ad
80b
50b
65
export + 20
172
102acd
170a
80b
50b
65
export + 20
92
50ad
80b
50b
65 9
Belgium – Flanders
Belgium –Wallonia
Czech Republic
Denmarkf
England, Scotlande
and Wales
export + 20
57d
60–65acd
45–65ad
80b
50b
65
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Taking P loss risk into account
• More strict regulations for soils with higher P loss risks:
probably the best or fastest water quality improvement
• No EU MS takes all risk factors into account (e.g. P index)
• Stricter P application for higher soil P content: evolution
towards ‘target soil P’
• The Netherlands, Ireland, Finland (AEP), Luxembourg (AEP),
Northern Ireland (chem P) and Estonia (chem P)
• Often agricultural methods for soil P measurement are used
• Flanders: limit of 40 kg P2O5/ha/yr for soils with phosphate
saturation degree > 35% (95% probability)
• More environmental approach?
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Taking P loss risk into account
• Buffer zone without P fertilisation next to water body
–
–
–
–
Width varies between 0.5 and 500 meter
Only in Nitrate Vulnerable Zones ↔ everywhere
Sometimes larger width for manures than for chemical fertiliser
Sometimes larger width for larger or more vulnerable water bodies
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Conclusions
• Large variation in P fertilisation legislation in Europe
• Sometimes no specific P application limitations, even in the
case of P problems in water
• Difficult to compare due to differences in
–
–
–
–
Systems
Type of restricted application
Crop differentiation
Soil differtiation
• An agro-environmental approach to minimise P losses to
surface waters
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Thanks for your attention
Thanks to all contributing experts
[email protected]
http://www.ilvo.vlaanderen.be/Portals/68/documents/Mediatheek/
Phosphorus_legislation_Europe.pdf
Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research
Plant Sciences Unit
Crop Husbandry and Environment Research Area
Burg. Van Gansberghelaan 109
9820 Merelbeke
Tel. +32 9 272 27 00
www.ilvo.vlaanderen.be