Transcript The well-being of child and young people

A comparison of child well-being in
the EU 29
Jonathan Bradshaw
Child ONEurope
European Seminar on Child Well-being
Indicators
Instituto degli Innocenti
Florence
29 January 2009
Background










UNICEF State of the World’s Children
Cornia and Danziger (1997) Child Poverty and Deprivation in Rich
Countries
UNICEF Innocenti Report Cards 1-6
Luxembourg EU Presidency – child mainstreaming
Ben Arieh and the “Jerusalem” project
Bradshaw, J., Hoelscher, P. and Richardson, D. (2007) An index of child
well-being in the European Union 25, Journal of Social Indicators
Research, 80, 133-177. http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/f3642p2x00hn5h01/fulltext.pdf
UNICEF (2007) Innocenti Report Card 7 Child Poverty in Perspective: An
Overview of Child Well-being in Rich Countries
Bradshaw, J. Hoelscher, P. and Richardson, D. (2007) Comparing Child
Well-being in OECD Countries: Concepts and Methods, IWP 2006-03.
Florence:UNICEF. http://www.unicef-icdc.org/publications/pdf/iwp2006_03_eng.pdf
Richardson, D. Hoelscher, P. and Bradshaw, J. (2008) Child well-being in
Central and Eastern European Countries (CEE) and the Commonwealth
of Independent States (CIS), Child Ind. Res. 1: 211-250.
Bradshaw, J. and Richardson, D. (2009 An Index of Child Well-being in
Europe (forthcoming)
Conceptualisation of child well-being


Multi-dimensional approach
Based on children’s rights as outlined in the
UN CRC

“the primary consideration in all actions concerning children must be in their best
interest and their views must be taken into account”


What children think and feel is important
Aspirations
 Child
the unit of analysis
 Well-being more important than well-becoming
 Focus on outcomes not inputs
 Use direct measures
Data Sources for EU index 2009


Surveys

Health Behaviour of School Aged Children (HBSC) at
2005

Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA)
at 2006

Survey of Income and Living Conditions (EU) at 2006
Series

WHO mortality data base

World Bank World Development Indicators

OECD Health Indicators

EU Health for All Data base

OECD Education at a Glance,
DOMAINS OF WELL-BEING
 43
indicators
 20 components
 7 domains
DOMAINS OF WELL-BEING
Health
Subjective
Personal
Material
well-being
relationships
resources
Education
Behaviour
Housing
and risks
and the environment
Child well-being: Summary
Rank
Country
Child well-being in the EU
29
Health
Subjective
Relationships
Material
Risk
Education
Housing
1
Netherlands
117.2
2
1
1
7
4
4
9
2
Norway
114.8
6
8
6
2
2
10
1
3
Sweden
114.8
1
7
3
10
1
9
3
4
Iceland
114.1
4
9
4
1
3
14
2
5
Finland
110.9
12
6
9
4
7
7
4
6
Denmark
109.5
3
5
10
9
15
12
5
7
Slovenia
107.1
15
16
2
5
13
11
19
8
Germany
106.0
17
12
8
12
5
6
16
9
Luxembourg
104.7
5
17
19
3
11
16
8
10
Austria
104.2
26
2
7
8
19
19
7
11
Ireland
103.9
14
10
14
20
12
5
12
Cyprus
103.7
10
13
Spain
103.6
13
4
17
18
6
20
13
14
Belgium
103.0
18
13
18
15
21
1
12
15
France
100.9
20
14
28
11
10
13
10
16
Czech Republic
98.9
9
22
27
6
20
3
22
17
Slovakia
98.7
7
11
22
16
23
17
15
18
Estonia
96.9
11
20
12
14
25
2
25
19
Italy
96.1
19
18
20
17
8
23
20
20
Poland
94.6
8
26
16
26
17
8
23
21
Portugal
94.5
21
23
13
21
9
25
18
22
Hungary
94.3
23
25
11
23
16
15
21
23
Greece
94.0
29
3
23
19
22
21
14
24
United Kingdom
93.0
24
21
15
24
18
22
17
25
Romania
87.0
27
19
5
24
27
26
Bulgaria
85.0
25
15
24
26
26
27
Latvia
84.1
16
24
26
22
27
18
26
28
Lithuania
82.4
22
27
25
25
28
24
24
29
Malta
82.0
28
28
21
13
6
11
14
Health
Health
Child health
from
birth
Immunisation
Children’s
health
behaviou
r
Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births)
2006
World Development Indicators
Low birth weight newborns (lower than 2.5kg, [%])
circa 2006
OECD Health and EU Health
for All Databases
Immunization, measles (% aged 12-23 months)
2006
World Development Indicators
Child immunization rate, DPT3 (% aged 12-23 months)
2006
World Development Indicators
Child immunization rate, Pol3 (% aged 12-23 months)
2006
HNP stats
Children who brush their teeth more than once a day
2005/06
HBSC (Currie et al, 2008)
Children who eat fruit daily
2005/06
HBSC (Currie et al, 2008)
Children who eat breakfast every school day
2005/06
HBSC (Currie et al, 2008)
Children's physical activity
2005/06
HBSC (Currie et al, 2008)
Children who are overweight (BMI)
2005/06
HBSC (Currie et al, 2008)
HEALTH
Subjective well-being
Subjective Well-being
Personal wellbeing
Children who report high life satisfaction
2005/06
HBSC (Currie et al, 2008)
Well-being at
school
Children who feel pressured by schoolwork
2005/06
HBSC (Currie et al, 2008)
Young people liking school a lot 11, 13 and 15 years
2005/06
HBSC (Currie et al, 2008)
Children who rate their health as fair or poor
2005/06
HBSC (Currie et al, 2008)
Self defined
health
Components of subjective well-being
Relationships
Children's Relationships
Quality of
family
relations
Peer
relations
hips
Child who find it easy to talk to their mothers
2005/06
HBSC (Currie et al, 2008)
Child who find it easy to talk to their fathers
2005/06
HBSC (Currie et al, 2008)
Children who agree that their classmates are kind and
helpful
2005/06
HBSC (Currie et al, 2008)
RELATIONSHIPS
Material well-being
Material situation
Deprivation
Poverty
Worklessness
Households with children with an enforced lack of
consumer durables (%)
2006
EU-SILC
Households with children reporting economic strain (%)
2006
EU-SILC
Pupils with less than 6 education possessions (%)
2006
OECD PISA Database
Pupils with less 10 books in the household (%)
2006
OECD PISA Database
Child poverty (60% of median equivalised income after
transfers): 0-17 years
2006
EU-SILC
Relative child poverty gap (60% of median equivalised
income): 0-17 years
2006
EU-SILC
Children aged 0-17 living in jobless households: 0-17 years
2006
EU-SILC
Deprivation
Poverty
Worklessness
Material Situation
Romania
Bulgaria
Poland
United Kingdom
Lithuania
Hungary
Latvia
Ireland
Portugal
Spain
Italy
Greece
Belgium
Estonia
Cyprus
Slovakia
Germany
Sweden
France
Denmark
Austria
Netherlands
Czech Republic
Finland
Luxembourg
Slovenia
Norway
Iceland
Contribution of components to domain score
7
7
5
5
3
3
1
1
-1
-1
-3
-3
-5
-5
-7
-7
Average component Score
MATERIAL WELL-BEING
Risk and safety
Risk and Safety
Violence and
violent
behaviou
r
Children involved in physical fighting at least once in the
past year
2005/06
HBSC (Currie et al, 2008)
Children who have been bullied at school at least twice in
the past 2 months
2005/06
HBSC (Currie et al, 2008)
Child deaths
All child deaths: All under 19 deaths per 100,000 children
circa 2005
WHO Mortality Database
Risk
Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women ages 1519)
2006
World Development Indicators
15-year-olds who have had sexual intercourse
2005/06
HBSC (Currie et al, 2008)
15-year-olds who used a condom at last sexual intercourse
2005/06
HBSC (Currie et al, 2008)
Children who smoke at least once a week
2005/06
HBSC (Currie et al, 2008)
13 and 15 year olds who have been drunk at least twice
2005/06
HBSC (Currie et al, 2008)
15-year-olds who have ever used cannabis in their lifetime
2005/06
HBSC (Currie et al, 2008)
behaviou
r
Components of risk and safety
Education
Education
Achievement
Participa
tion/enro
lment
Youth
Inactivit
y
Reading literacy achievement
2006
OECD PISA Database 2006
Mathematics literacy achievement
2006
OECD PISA Database 2006
Science literacy achievement
2006
OECD PISA Database 2006
Full-time and part-time students in all institutions (% of
15-19-year-olds)
2005
OECD Education at a Glance
(2007)
School enrolment, pre-primary (% gross)
2006
World Development Indicators
Inactive youth (NEET) age 15-19 (%)
2005
OECD Education at a Glance
(2007)
EDUCATION
Housing and the environment
Housing and environment
Overcrowding
Rooms per person in households with children
2006
EU-SILC
Environment
Households with children who report crime in the area is a
problem
2006
EU-SILC
Households with children reporting pollution or dirt as
problems in the area
2006
EU-SILC
Households with children reporting more than one housing
problems
2006
EU-SILC
Housing
problems
Overcrowding
Environment
Housing problems
Housing and environment
Latvia
Estonia
Lithuania
Poland
Czech Republic
Hungary
Italy
Slovenia
Portugal
United Kingdom
Germany
Slovakia
Greece
Spain
Belgium
Cyprus
France
Netherlands
Luxembourg
Austria
Ireland
Denmark
Finland
Sweden
Iceland
Norway
Contribution of components to domain score
7
7
5
5
3
3
1
1
-1
-1
-3
-3
-5
-5
-7
-7
Average component Score
Housing and the environment
Background










UNICEF State of the World’s Children
Cornia and Danziger (1997) Child Poverty and Deprivation in Rich
Countries
UNICEF Innocenti Report Cards 1-6
Luxembourg EU Presidency – child mainstreaming
Ben Arieh and the “Jerusalem” project
Bradshaw, J., Hoelscher, P. and Richardson, D. (2007) An index of child
well-being in the European Union 25, Journal of Social Indicators
Research, 80, 133-177. http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/f3642p2x00hn5h01/fulltext.pdf
UNICEF (2007) Innocenti Report Card 7 Child Poverty in Perspective: An
Overview of Child Well-being in Rich Countries
Bradshaw, J. Hoelscher, P. and Richardson, D. (2007) Comparing Child
Well-being in OECD Countries: Concepts and Methods, IWP 2006-03.
Florence:UNICEF. http://www.unicef-icdc.org/publications/pdf/iwp2006_03_eng.pdf
Richardson, D. Hoelscher, P. and Bradshaw, J. (2008) Child well-being in
Central and Eastern European Countries (CEE) and the Commonwealth
of Independent States (CIS), Child Ind. Res. 1: 211-250.
Bradshaw, J. and Richardson, D. (2009 An Index of Child Well-being in
Europe (forthcoming)
WELL-BEING BY CHILD POVERTY RATE
WELL-BEING AND LIFE SATISFACTION
120.00
net
nor
swe
ice
overall wellbeing by domain
fin
den
110.00
sln
ger
lux
ire
aus
spa
bel
fra
cze
100.00
slk
ita
polpor
hun
est
gre
uk
90.00
rom
lat
bul
R Sq Linear = 0.586
lit
80.00
75.00
80.00
85.00
90.00
HBSC 2005/06: Children who report high life satisfaction
95.00
WELL-BEING BY FAMILY BREAKDOWN
Selected ten
Domain
Indicator (Countries)
Health
Subjective
Relationships
Material
Risk
Education
Housing
Children's third polio immunization (rate)
Children who report high life satisfaction (27)
Child who find it easy to talk to their fathers
Child income poverty (26)
Infant Mortality rate (29)
Mathematics literacy achievement (27)
Households with children reporting more than one housing problems (26)
Correlation between indicator
and domain
0.68***
0.83***
0.76***
0.78***
0.81***
0.86***
0.87***
Overall by select ten
120.00
net
nor swe
ice
110.00
fin
den
ire sln
ger
domain
lux
spa
fra
cyp
aus
bel
slk
100.00
ita
por
est cze
gre hun
pol
uk
90.00
rom
lat
bul
R Sq Linear = 0.813
lit
mal
80.00
-3.00
-2.00
-1.00
0.00
select10 indicators
1.00
2.00
Correlations matrix of domains
Overall
Health
Subjective
Relations
Material
Risk
Education
Housing
Overall
Health
Subjective
Relations
Material
Risk
Education
Housing
Overall
less
domain
1
0.66**
0.71**
0.61**
0.79***
0.74***
0.48**
0.82***
-
1
0.26
0.30
0.52**
0.38*
0.37*
0.19
0.35
1
0.37
0.45*
0.38*
0.13
0.69***
0.58**
1
0.20
0.45*
0.18
0.41*
0.53**
1
0.59**
0.64***
0.56**
0.62**
1
0.24
0.72***
0.61**
1
0.17
0.45*
1
0.72**
Child well-being by GDP Euros per capita
Child well-being and inequality
Overall child well-being by spending on
families with children 2005 as %GDP
(Self) Criticisms
Not all aspects of child well-being covered
 Bias to older children
 Equal weighting
 Z scores
 No measure of dispersion within countries

Future
Innocenti report card 8 out ?9
 OECD report on child well-being coming in
April 2009
 EU project on child poverty and child wellbeing
 Also better questions in SILC from 2009

Conclusions (on for example Italy)


Italy is middling/low on child well-being overall
Not good on






Better on




Well-being at school
Youth inactivity
Poverty
Education
Housing
Self defined health
Risk and safety
Weak family package
Hypotheses


Relying on strong families - which are weakening
?Spending too much on the elderly