Transcript PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT OF SURFACE AND GROUNDWATER …

PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT
OF SURFACE AND
GROUNDWATER IN THE U.S.
Constantine Triantafyllidis
Supervisor, EH&S
HARRIS Corporation
HARRIS CORPORATION
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Headquartered in
Melbourne, Florida
Market leader in
telecommunications
and information systems
Comprehensive base
of communications
products, systems,
and services
Worldwide presence in
core communications
markets
Founded in 1895
HARRIS CORPORATION
$2.5 Billion in Sales - 12,500+ Employees - Customers in more than 150 Countries
HARRIS CORPORATION
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Harris Corporation and its employees are dedicated
to conducting business as responsible corporate
citizens in protecting people, property, and the
environment at all company operations
 This includes:
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Compliance with applicable national and local
Environmental, Health and Safety (EH&S) laws and
regulations of the countries in which the corporation
operates
Conservation of natural resources
Waste minimization and pollution prevention
Prevention of occupational injuries and illnesses
Limitation of environmental impacts
Continuous improvement of EH&S performance
PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT OF
SURFACE AND GROUNDWATER IN THE U.S.
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Outline
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TYPES OF SOURCE WATER
THREATS TO SOURCE WATER
CHALLENGES TO PROTECTING SOURCE
WATER
REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR
SOURCE WATER PROTECTION
WATERSHED ASSESSMENT PROCESS
WHAT IS SOURCE WATER?
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Types of Source
Water
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Surface water
bodies such as
lakes, rivers,
streams, estuaries,
reservoirs
Groundwater from
natural underground
layers of sand or
gravel that contain
water called aquifers
SOURCE WATER
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Surface and
groundwater are
interconnected
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Aquifers may flow
water into streams or
lakes (base flow) or
through springs,
wetlands or wells
Surface water may
percolate into the
aquifer
THREATS TO SOURCE WATER
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Threats to quality:
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Biological Contaminants - viruses and bacteria from
domestic wastewater discharges, storm water runoff,
septic systems, animal farming, pets, wildlife
Inorganic Chemical Contaminants – metals and salts
occurring naturally or from stormwater runoff, farming,
mining, industrial or domestic wastewater discharges
Organic Chemical Contaminants – volatile and semivolatile organic chemicals from stormwater runoff,
industrial activities, petroleum production, gas
stations, septic systems
Radioactive Contaminants - occurring naturally, from
mining, or from oil and gas exploration activities
List of contaminants
THREATS TO SOURCE WATER
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Contaminants causing acute health effects:
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Viruses (e.g., Norwalk virus)
Bacteria (e.g., Shigella, E.Coli)
Parasites, protozoa or cysts
Nitrate
Parasite Giardia Lamblia
Parasite Cryptosporidium
Warning Sign About
Dangers of Nitrate
THREATS TO SOURCE WATER
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Threats to quantity:
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Drawdown – groundwater table is lowered by
pumping. Can be replenished by recharge
Overdraft – groundwater is pumped faster
than can be replenished by recharge. May
cause permanent loss of storage capacity,
cross-contamination by lower quality water,
and in coastal areas, salt water intrusion
Subsidence – groundwater is over pumped
with permanent loss of storage capacity, water
pressure reduces and land above sinks
causing a sinkhole
CHALLENGES TO PROTECTING
SOURCE WATER
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Limited Resources
Only 3% of Earth’s
water is freshwater
and 77% of this is
frozen in ice caps
and glaciers
Source Water Quality
and Quantity
 Requires appropriate
treatment prior to
use
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CHALLENGES TO PROTECTING
SOURCE WATER
 Population
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Growth
Population growth has placed unprecedented
demand on water supplies. Prominent in
coastal areas.
CHALLENGES TO PROTECTING
SOURCE WATER
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Urban
Development
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Creates more
impervious
area, impacting
surface water
storage treatment
and groundwater
recharge
CHALLENGES TO PROTECTING
SOURCE WATER
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Landscape Impacts
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Alterations to land, natural lakes, rivers,
wetland dredging
Disrupt the hydrologic cycle
CHALLENGES TO PROTECTING
SOURCE WATER
 Ecosystem
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Impacts
Alterations to
landscape cause
wildlife effects
Disrupt the ecological
cycle
CHALLENGES TO PROTECTING
SOURCE WATER
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Water Demand vs. Supply
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Water use has soared at twice the rate of
population growth
Consumption varies based on water use
Primary Types of Water Users:
 Public Supply
 Domestic Self Supply
 Commercial/Industrial/Institutional Self
Supply
 Agricultural Irrigation Self Supply
 Recreational Irrigation Self Supply
 Thermoelectric Power Generation
CHALLENGES TO PROTECTING
SOURCE WATER
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Water Demand vs. Supply
 Supply is affected by
climatic conditions
(precipitation),
geology, landscape
changes
 Stormwater Storage and treatment through
land acquisition. Provides for storage and
treatment during rain events for use during
dry periods
CHALLENGES TO PROTECTING
SOURCE WATER
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Contingency Planning in Case of Emergencies i.e.
Accidental Spills, System Failure, etc.
In the NEWS….Car Wash Fouls Water for 31,000 Ontario
Residents
March 8, 2005
People in the southwest Ontario city of Stratford are being
warned not to drink their tap water or even wash
themselves with it.
Health officials issued the advisory at noon Monday after
the city's water distribution system became contaminated by
potentially dangerous chemicals. The contamination is
believed to be the result of a spill of detergents and waxes
at a car wash in the city…
CHALLENGES TO PROTECTING
SOURCE WATER
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Identify Alternative
Sources such as
Reuse Water
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Use lower quality water
for certain uses rather
than potable water. i.e.
tertiary treated
domestic wastewater
for landscape irrigation
Treat and reuse
industrial wastewater
effluent
REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR
SOURCE WATER PROTECTION
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Water Resource Management is Accomplished
through:
 Partnerships between federal, state, local
government, utilities, private sector and citizens
 Federal government enacts regulations,
conducts research, provides technical
assistance, funding
 States assume implementation & enforcement of
regulatory programs, oversee source water
monitoring
 Regional agencies and local governments have
primary responsibility for coordinating and
implementing groundwater protection programs
due to uniquely local nature of source water
AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE FOR SOURCE
WATER COORDINATION AND MANAGEMENT
Federal
National Oceanic &
Atmospheric Admin.
Environmental
Protection Agency
Research, Weather
Forecasting
Clean Water Act
Programs
Geological Survey
Research &
Monitoring, Water
Resource Info.
Army Corps of
Engineers
Wetlands Permits,
Flood Control,
Restoration
Fish and Wildlife
Service
Land Management
Coordination,
Wildlife Protection
Federal Emergency
Management Agency
Flood Zone
Mapping
State
Department of
Environmental Protection
Department of
Community Affairs
Florida Water Plan, Sate
Water Policy, Statewide
Pollution Control & Monitoring
Fish and Wildlife
Conservation Commission
Growth Management, Areas of
Critical Concern, Developments
of Regional Impact
Department of Health
Enforce Environmental Laws,
Research, Manage & Assess
Impacts to Saltwater &
Freshwater Habitats
Protect Public Health, Solid
Waste Disposal, Septic Tanks,
Drinking Water
Regional & Local
Regional Planning Councils
Developments of
Regional Impact, Growth
Management, Surface
Water Quality Planning &
Studies
Water Management Districts
Water Resource Planning,
Reg. & Management, Water
Supply, Flood Protection,
Water Quality Mgt., Natural
Systems Protection &
Restoration
Local Governments
Special Districts
Water Supply
Authorities
Local Environmental Controls &
Monitoring, Zoning/Land, Provide
Potable Water, Wastewater
Services, Mgmt/Planning, Land
Acquisition/Mgmt, Emergency
Preparedness
Operation,
Maintenance of
Local Surface
Water
Management
Districts
Water
Distribution,
Development
of Regional
Sources
REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR
SOURCE WATER PROTECTION
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Regulatory Programs:
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Wellhead Protection
Water Use
Drinking water
Domestic Wastewater
Industrial Wastewater
Underground Injection Control
Stormwater
Underground And Above Ground Storage Tanks
Solid Waste Management
Hazardous Waste Management
Toxic Chemical Release
REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR
SOURCE WATER PROTECTION
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WELLHEAD PROTECTION PROGRAM
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Regulates area immediately surrounding a specific
public supply well or well field
REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR
SOURCE WATER PROTECTION
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WELLHEAD PROTECTION PROGRAM
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Aquifer recharge protection is much broader
area defined by natural conditions where
water enters the groundwater flow system
Implements requirements to reduce or
eliminate the threat of contamination to supply
wells
Involves federal, state, county, city, utility and
community
REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR
SOURCE WATER PROTECTION
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WELLHEAD PROTECTION PROGRAM
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Establishes approximately 170 meter radial
wellhead protection area around the supply
wells. Outer protection zones, approximating
5-year and 10-year ground water time-oftravel distances
Requires specific comprehensive planning
that addresses growth management and
restricts land uses
REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR
SOURCE WATER PROTECTION
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WATER USE PROGRAM
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Identifies the types of water use and volumes
required, such as domestic, commercial, industrial,
institutional, agricultural irrigation, recreational
irrigation, etc.
Requirements and monitoring of water volumes
used
Requires water conservation and reuse
REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR
SOURCE WATER PROTECTION
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DRINKING WATER PROGRAM
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Regulates drinking water
Sample Siting Plan
treatment facilities, source
water and monitoring
Monitoring at the source,
after treatment and disinfection, at the distribution
system
Sets primary and secondary drinking water
standards. Investigates additional contaminants
Establish groundwater and surface water
classifications, standards and permitting
Treatment
Plant
Storage
Sample Point
Main Street #1
Max Residence Time
Conventional
Plant
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Sample Point
Oak Street #2
Booster Station
Elevated Storage
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REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR
SOURCE WATER PROTECTION
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DOMESTIC WASTEWATER PROGRAM
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Regulates domestic wastewater treatment facilities
and their discharges
Proper treatment and reuse or disposal of domestic
wastewater
Reuse involves a high degree of treatment and using
the reclaimed water for a beneficial use
REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR
SOURCE WATER PROTECTION
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INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER PROGRAM
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Regulates industrial wastewater treatment
systems, operation, maintenance and discharges.
Any wastewater that is not domestic wastewater
Requirements, monitoring and limits are specific to
industrial category such as pulp and paper mills,
mining, plating, car washes, laundromats, etc.
Implement water
conservation and reuse
REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR
SOURCE WATER PROTECTION
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UNDERGROUND INJECTION CONTROL
PROGRAM
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Regulates the disposal of waste fluids via
underground injection wells, in order to
prevent contamination of drinking water
resources
Requirements with rigorous monitoring of well
integrity, flow and quality of injected fluids
Well classes depending on the types of fluids
injected from non-hazardous to hazardous
fluids
REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR
SOURCE WATER PROTECTION
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STORMWATER PROGRAM
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Stormwater or snowmelt runoff is one of
the largest sources of
pollution to water bodies
and can pose a threat to
drinking water supplies
REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR
SOURCE WATER PROTECTION
 STORMWATER
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PROGRAM
Stormwater carries pollutants such as
sediments, heavy metals, pesticides, oils,
greases, fertilizers and animal wastes into
waterways
• Urban residential areas
• Agricultural areas - fertilizers, pesticides,
animal wastes
• Industrial areas – heavy metals, acids,
caustics, solvents, etc.
• Construction activities – sediments, debris,
solvents, etc.
REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR
SOURCE WATER PROTECTION
 STORMWATER
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PROGRAM
Point source program – sets effluent limits
and monitoring requirements specific to
category above and industry type
Non-point source program – new
developments must include stormwater
management system that provides flood
control and best management practices such
as retention, detention of certain size rain
event to reduce stormwater pollutants
Contingency planning for chemical spill
emergencies
VIOLATIONS ARE ENFORCED
Tyson Pleads Guilty to 20 Felonies and Agrees to
Pay $7.5 Million for Clean Water Act Violations
June 26, 2003
Tyson Foods Inc., the world’s largest meat producer,
pleaded guilty in federal court in Kansas City to 20
felony violations of the federal Clean Water Act at its
Sedalia, Missouri poultry plant and agreed to pay $7.5
million to the United States and the State of Missouri.
Under an agreement with the Environmental Crimes
Section of the U.S. Department of Justice and the U.S.
Attorney’s Office, Tyson admitted to having illegally
discharged untreated wastewater from its poultry
processing plant near Sedalia into a tributary of the
Lamine River.
REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR
SOURCE WATER PROTECTION
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UNDERGROUND AND ABOVE GROUND
STORAGE TANKS
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Stringent leak
prevention requirements include
secondary containment
for all tanks
Leak detection for all
underground tanks
Annual inspections of
all tanks
REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR
SOURCE WATER PROTECTION
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SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM
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Regulates landfill facilities, construction and
demolition debris facilities transfer stations,
etc.
Standards for liners, leachate control
systems, surface stormwater management
systems and operation requirements
Groundwater monitoring plan and
hydrogeological survey to ensure protection of
groundwater from leachate
REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR
SOURCE WATER PROTECTION
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SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PROGAM
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Reduce disposal of recyclable material
Hazardous wastes are prohibited at a landfill
Landfill sites are prohibited within 1 kilometer of
potable surface water
REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR
SOURCE WATER PROTECTION
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HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT
PROGRAM
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Regulates hazardous materials destined for
disposal. Examples are paints, solvents,
acids, caustics, batteries, pesticides,
fertilizers, household cleaners
Strict requirements for construction, operation
and monitoring of hazardous waste storage
and disposal facilities
Requires waste minimization and reuse efforts
REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR
SOURCE WATER PROTECTION
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HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT
PROGRAM
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Specific requirements for proper handling, storage,
transport and disposal. Generator is responsible
from the point of generation to the ultimate disposal
facility
Transportation
Disposal Site
REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR
SOURCE WATER PROTECTION
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TOXIC CHEMICAL RELEASE PROGRAM
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Enacted after the deadly chemical accident in
Bhopal, India, 1984
Requirements to report locations and quantities of
certain chemicals stored onsite to state and local
governments. Also report emissions to air, land,
water, groundwater, transfer to other sites or
hazardous waste treatment and disposal facilities
Empowers citizens through information and helps
communities prepare to respond to chemical spills
and similar emergencies
SOURCE WATER ASSESSMENT PROCESS
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Federal law requires states, local government
and private utilities to assess the source
areas, identify potential threats and
implement protection efforts
 Communities and Citizens need to be
involved in source water PROTECTION
SOURCE WATER ASSESSMENT PROCESS
Assessments
lead to
PROTECTION
Communities
learn to
ACT
SOURCE WATER ASSESSMENT PROCESS
Step1: Delineate the source water
assessment area - Groundwater
• Arbitrary fixed radius method
• Calculated fixed radius method
• Analytical method (computer model)
SOURCE WATER ASSESSMENT PROCESS
Step1: Delineate the source water
assessment area – Surface Water
• Fixed Distance delineation method
• Time-of-Travel delineation method
SOURCE WATER ASSESSMENT PROCESS
Step 2: Inventory potential sources of
contaminants in the delineated area
SOURCE WATER ASSESSMENT PROCESS
Step 2: Inventory potential sources of
contaminants in the delineated area
• Database search for type and quantity of
potential contaminants from existing
regulatory programs
• Site visits, Interviews
• Use information technology to compile and
manage the data. GPS and GIS systems
• Public education is key to success
SOURCE WATER ASSESSMENT PROCESS
Step 3: Identify loss of recharge resulting
from existing or proposed land uses
SOURCE WATER ASSESSMENT PROCESS
Step 4: Investigate susceptibility of the
source water to sources of contaminants
Residential Subdivision
Stream s
Strip Mall
Municipal
Landfill
Par king
Lot
C attle Far m
Stream
Gas Station
Public
Water System
Intake & Treatm ent
Road
POTW
Stor m Sewer D ischar ge
R iver
Food Processing
Plant
D rinking Water Well
B ulk
Petroleum
Storage
C onstr uction Site
Road
C roplands
Light
Industrial
SOURCE WATER ASSESSMENT PROCESS
Step 4: Investigate susceptibility
• Identify site conditions and chemicals of concern
associated with each source
• Evaluate chemicals of concern based on:
 Health effects such as toxicity and potential
cancer risk
 Leaching potential
 Protection provided by underlying geology
 Operating practices and design of sources of
contaminants
• Assign the source of contaminants a low,
moderate or high score of concern to source
water
• Screen sources of contaminants to identify
those that may pose a threat to source water
SOURCE WATER ASSESSMENT PROCESS
Step 5: Make Assessments available to the
public
• Mailings
• Public meetings
• Public Media –TV, Radio, Newspapers
• Educational events
SOURCE WATER ASSESSMENT PROCESS
Step 6: Implement Management Measures
to eliminate or reduce risks to source water
• State, county and local governments
• Local business communities
• Media
• Citizens
• Zoning ordinances
• Sanitary surveys
• Best management practices
SOURCE WATER ASSESSMENT PROCESS
Step 7: Develop Contingency Planning to deal
with water supply contamination or service
interruption emergencies including biological or
chemical contamination, floods, acts of violence
 Short or long term water supply
replacement
 Water supply interruption due to
contamination or supply system damage or
failure
 Coordinate efforts with water supply
managers, local area disaster response
networks, chemical spill cleanup,
emergency response
SOURCE WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT
PROCESS
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Watershed Management
in the State of Florida
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Create partnerships
between federal, state,
local government,
utilities, private sector
and citizens
Manage water resources
on the basis of
hydrologic units which
are natural boundaries
such as river basins or
estuaries
SOURCE WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT
PROCESS
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Integrate surface
and groundwater
resources into
watershed
management. Water
quality of base flow
is important
Five designated
uses of surface and
groundwater
SOURCE WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT
PROCESS
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Co-ordinate
monitoring and
data collection,
data management
and interpretation
to assess the
health of the water
resources
List of indicators
sampled
SOURCE WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT
PROCESS
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Identify impaired
source waters, which
due to pollution
levels, do not meet
water quality
standards for their
designated use such
as fishing, swimming,
shellfish harvesting or
as a source for
drinking water
SOURCE WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT
PROCESS
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Develop water resource goals and pollutant loading
limits
• Science-based pollutant limits, known as Total
Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs), to restore each
waterway. A TMDL is the maximum amount of a
specific pollutant a body of water can absorb and
still meet water quality standards for its
designated use
Develop action plan to preserve or restore water
bodies