Transcript Slide 1

Perceptions of Coastal Resource Managers in Hawai‘i:
The Current Situation & Outlook for the Future
Published in Journal of Ocean & Coastal Management (Dec. 2012)
Shawn Carrier, M.S. Recipient, UH Mānoa, CTAHR, NREM
Committee:
Dr. Gregory Bruland, Associate Professor, UHM, CTAHR, NREM
Dr. Linda Cox, Community Economic Development Specialist, UHM, CTAHR, NREM
Dr. Christopher Lepczyk, Assistant Professor, UHM, CTAHR, NREM
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Presentation Outline
Introduction
Objectives
Methodology
Results
Discussion
Conclusions: Significance and Applicability
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Introduction
Value
Goods
(food, salt, oil & minerals, construction materials,
genetic stock for use in medicine)
http://phuket-all.com/Phuket-Travel.html
Ecosystem Services
(storm protection, carbon sequestration, etc.)
cruiseandvacation.com
Recreational Opportunities
(diving, fishing, surfing, etc.)
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Importance to Hawai`i
• Tourism #1 Industry
• 23% of State GDP
($12.4 Billion)
• 200,000 Jobs
• 24% of Total Employment
(Hu et al. 2009)
visualphotos.com
• 23% of State Tax Revenues
($1.27 Billion)
(Hu et al. 2009)
• Net Annual Benefit of
Hawai‘i’s Coral Reef
Ecosystems $360 Million
• Overall worth estimated at
$10 Billion
Images54hawaiihulagirl.jpg
(Cesar and Beukering, 2004)
• 80-90% visitors participate in
coastal related activities
(HTA, 2010)
www1.american.edu
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Threats
CE health severely compromised
pbs.org
Numerous threats
Lonelyplanet.com
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Coastal Resource Management and Significance
 Manager Issues/Responsibilities
 Balancing needs
 Disconnect between science & mgmt
Broader context
nasw.org
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Objectives
1) Understand who is managing Hawai‘i’s
coastal resources and their background
2) Understand how CRM perceive the
system they are managing (largest
threats, significant challenges, needs to
improve management capabilities)
hwrexchange.wordpress.com
3) Evaluate whether differences in
perceptions exist by organization
(state [S], federal [F], non-governmental
organization [NGO])
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Methodology
Study Area
Terminology
• coastal resource, managed, manager
blogs.sacbee.com
Identification of
Oahu
• managed areas, agency, managers
James Campbell NWR
Malaekahana State Recreation Area
Mokuauia (offshore islet seabird sanctuary)
La'ie Point State Wayside
Survey
Pupukea MLCD
Ahupua'a O Kahana State Park
Waimea Estuary
Kualoa AR
Haleiwa Harbor (Waialua Bay) FMA
• pre-testing, instrument
Heeia State Park
Heeia Kea Wharf FMA
Heia fishponds and wetlands
Ka ena Point
Kekepa (offshore islet seabird sanctuary)
Ecosystem Reserve
Moku O Loe MLCD
Ka`ena Point State Park
Kaneohe Bay Marine Corp. Base (Nu`upia
pond, Halekou pond, Kaluapuhi pond)
Mokumana (offshore islet seabird sanctuary)
Mokolea (offshore islet seabird sanctuary)
Statistical Analysis
Mokulua (offshore islet seabird sanctuary)
Pokai Bay FMA
Popoia (offshore islet seabird sanctuary)
Kawainui Marsh
Hamakua Marsh
Kaelepulu
Bellows AFS
Manana (offshore islet seabird sanctuary)
Kaohikaipu (offshore islet seabird
sanctuary)
Waianae AR
• ANOVA, Tukey-Kramer, Chi-square
Ewa AR
Kalaeloa Anchialine Ponds
Pouhala Marsh
Pearl Harbor
'Aiea Bay State Recreation Area
Waiawa NWR
Honolulu Harbor FMA
Ka Iwi State Scenic Shoreline
Sand Island State Recreation Area
Hanauma Bay MLCD
Kaka'ako Waterfront Park
Kewalo Basin
Ala Wai Canal FMA
Waikiki-Diamondhead FMA
Waikiki MLCD
Paiko Lagoon
Maunalua Bay/Maunalua AR
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Results
Sample size/Response rate
N=87/77%
90% questions had >50 responses
Who?
livingthebalancedlife.com
Predominately male (72%)
Caucasian decent (65%), Pacific Islander (18.5%), Japanese (9.3%),
50 years of age (54%), 40-49 (22.2%), 30-39 (20.4%)
S (51%), NGO (28%), F (19%)
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Highly educated: (51.7% Advanced Degree)
***More highly educated than National Average***
# years living in Hawaii:
(0-10=24.1%, 11-19=12.1%, 20+=63.8%)
# years working in Natural Resource Management:
(0-10=27.1%, 11-20=32.2%, 21+=40.7%)
Island CRM:
(Oahu=52.2%, Maui=24.6%, Hawaii=23%,
Kauai=21.3%, Molokai=16.4%, Kahoolawe=9.8%,
Lanai=6.6%)
americanheritage.us
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Management Responsibility
1. An ecosystem (78%)
2. Cultural resource protection (70%)
3. Protecting critical habitat (65%)
* agency differences
Resource Stewardship Goals
1. Habitat preservation & restoration [38]
2. Promote sustainable resource use
through community
outreach/involvement [19]
3. Species recovery & protection [13]
4. Threat detection & reduction (including
invasive sp. control) [9]
commons.wikipedia.org
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Most significant threat
1. Invasive species
2. Habitat alteration/development
3. Climate change (1. Sea level rise,
2. Storms, 3. Loss of Biodiversity,
4. Shifting Habitat, Neutral
Response)
* agency differences
treehugger.com
Agency strategies to deal with climate change
1. Active planning
2. Monitoring & conducting research
3. Incorporating climate change models into mgmt
plans
4. Building environmental resiliency
globalwarming.com
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Challenges/Barriers
Most significant resource management challenge
1. Lack of funding/resources (71%)
2. Invasive species (18%)
3. Habitat Alteration (5%)
S larger emphasis on lack of resources
F larger emphasis on invasive species
Other barriers identified
Government/Political/Admin. Inertia
Lack of understanding of issue
Zoning/landowner rights
Permitting
narwhaler.com
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Solutions/Needs
1. Increased funding/resources (overwhelmingly #1)
2. Better public understanding of issue
3. Improved collaborative efforts & communication
4. Better zoning & permitting
5. Increased enforcement of existing regulations
venturevillage.eu
blackborder.com
hawaii.gov
medcitynews.com
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Discussion
Response Rate
What is considered to be acceptable/reliable?
55.6% +/- 19.7% (Baruch 1999)
Being relentless equates to a 77% response rate in this case
noaanews.noaa.gov
theseminargroup.net
Socio-demographics
S managers higher representation
Reasons: Experimental Design?
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Management Responsibility
1. Ecosystems

History of EBM & Hawai`i

Relatively recent movement
2. Cultural Resource Protection

Storied history with many significant
events
3. Protecting Critical Habitat

Hawai`i (unique, endemism, extinction,
endangered species)
nativebookshawaii.com
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Resource Management & Stewardship Goals
1. Habitat preservation and restoration
(Kāne‘ohe Bay & Maunalua Bay)
2. Community awareness
fliesandfins.com
(Hawai`i DOE, o`io tagging)
3. Recover and protect species
(Ka`ena Point)
hoperu.blogspot.com
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Threats
1. Invasive Species

Large population dependent on
importation of essential goods

Vectors of transport
bigislandnow.com
2. Habitat Alteration

Coastal population & development

Land and aquatic transformation
3. Climate Change

Globally largest impacts
hcdaweb.org
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Challenges & Solutions
1. Lack of Funding

(taxation, donation, entrance/user fees,
cooperative agreements, paid licensing,
adopt a programs)
2. Invasive Species

(EBM approach, community involvement)
noaa.gov
3. Political, Governmental, & Administrative
Inertia

(perverse incentives, big business,
fragmented authority, collaborative
agreements and MOUs)
thetension.blogspot.com
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 Increased Public Understanding
(Hanalei Watershed Hui, WHFMC)
 Stricter Enforcement of Existing Regulations
(DOCARE, 2001 Kauai violation of Clean
Water Act)
hanaleiwatershedhui.org
 Coupling of Integrated Management with
Land Use Planning & Threat Assessment
(LAS)
 Respondents felt Hawaii’s coastal
resources are important to the state
economy yet > 90% felt not enough was
being done to protect them
Hanaleiwatershedhui.org
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Conclusions
Hawaii CRM
•Experienced and well educated
•Generally on the same page/saying the same
thing
Largest Threats
•Invasive species, habitat alteration
Largest Challenges
•Lack of resources, public understanding and
enforcement of resource laws
Solutions
•Increased resources & collaboration and
improved public understanding, zoning and
permitting
Applicability
•State legislature, policy makers, funding
agencies and coastal resource managers
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