Transcript Development
DEVELOPMENT
INDICATORS OF DEVELOPMENT
Economic
indicators of
development
Gross
domestic product per capita
Types of jobs
Primary, secondary, tertiary
Raw
materials
Needed to produce finished goods and
services
Consumer
goods
Cars, T.V., cell phones
Social
Education and literacy
indicators of development
Student/teacher ratio
Health and welfare
Denmark, Norway and Sweden have the highest
levels of public assistance
Demographic
indicators of development
Life expectancy
Crude death rate
– Infant mortality rate
– Crude birth rate
More developed regions
Anglo-America
0.94 HDI and major food exporter
–Western Europe
0.92 HDI. W. Germany, N.E. France, N Italy
Imports food, energy but exports consumer goods
EU helps create successful market
Eastern Europe
0.78 HDI. Communism caused low HDI
Scarce funds, Import food, Low productivity, Pollution
– Japan
0.93 HDI. High physiological density
Low wage labor=cheap products
Good education/training for labor force
South Pacific
0.93 HDI Economies tied to Asian markets (Australia)
Less
developed regions
Latin America
0.78 HDI Agriculture, inequitable income distribution
– East Asia
0.72 HDI Large population, Communism, Agriculture
Southeast Asia
0.71 HDI Palm Oil, Copra, Rubber, Tin, major
manufacturing of consumer goods
– Middle East
0.66 HDI Large oil reserves, lack of political freedom, low
education and literacy rates and low status of women
South Asia
0.58 HDI Agriculture and Minerals, Green Revolution
– Sub-Saharan Africa
0.47 HDI Minerals, low literacy, poor health, impact of
colonialism
GENDER DEVELOPMENT AND GENDER
Gender-related
Economic indicator of gender difference
Income gaps
Social indicators of gender differences
Access to education and literacy rates
Demographic indicator of gender differences
Child bearing and diffusion of medical practices
Gender
empowerment (GEM)
Economic indicators of empowerment
development index (GDI)
Professional and technical jobs
Political indicators of empowerment
Managerial jobs, election to office
DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES
Development
through self-sufficiency
Income from rural areas match urban income to reduce
poverty
Elements of self-sufficiency approach
Isolate competition from large international corporations
Limit imports, impose tariffs, quotas on imports
Licensing
Limit exporting
India
No outside corporations
Products were produced and consumed in India only
Subsides (cheap electric)
Problems with self-sufficiency
Inefficiency- no incentive to improve quality or production
Large Bureaucracy- complex administration system
Development
Export most abundant product to the global market
Rostow’s development model (5 stages)
Examples of international trade approach
through international trade
Saudi Arabia used revenue to invest in education ect
Problems with international trade
Uneven resource distribution- manipulation of prices
Market stagnation-LDCs need to steal sales
Increased dependence on MDCs-consumption of consumer
goods
World Trade Organization (WTO)
Reduce international trade restrictions and enforcing agreements
Financing Development
Loans-LDCs borrow from World Bank and International Monetary
Fund
Transnational corporations- investment in a country by a
international corp.