Transcript HDI: Trends 1980-2013

Inequality, Gender
Inequality and
Development
Australian Council for
International Development
The Future of NGOs
in the Age of Great
Disruption
Jeni Klugman, Senior Adviser, The
World Bank Group and Fellow,
Kennedy School, Harvard
Outline
1. Overall trends in human development
2. Levels and patterns of inequality
3. Dimensions of poverty
4. Persistent gender gaps and deprivations
Trends in human development
HDI 1980-2013
Source: http://hdr.undp.org
Progress across groups of countries
Source: http://hdr.undp.org
US income inequality and policy milestones
Rising income inequality: Piketty, Atkinson..
Income
inequality
in developing countries
Income inequality
trends in trends
developing countries
Source: Ravallion 2013
Evolution of inequality within countries,
by region
Source: Ravallion 2013
Rising inequality is not inevitable
90%
60%
0%
Niger
Ethiopia
Mali
Burkina Faso
Liberia
Guinea
Somalia
Burundi
Central African Republic
Guinea-Bissau
Senegal
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
Sierra Leone
Benin
Uganda
Mozambique
Rwanda
Timor-Leste
Madagascar
Malawi
Afghanistan
Tanzania, United Republic of
Zambia
Chad
Mauritania
Gambia
Cote d'Ivoire
India
Yemen
Bangladesh
Togo
Haiti
Kenya
Cameroon
Cambodia
Nepal
Pakistan
Nigeria
Congo, Republic of
Namibia
Zimbabwe
Lesotho
Sao Tome and Principe
Lao People's Democratic Republic
Ghana
Vanuatu
Djibouti
Bhutan
Guatemala
Bolivia, Plurinational State of
Swaziland
Gabon
Nicaragua
Honduras
Mongolia
Indonesia
Philippines
Paraguay
Tajikistan
China
Iraq
South Africa
Morocco
Peru
Guyana
Estonia
Turkey
Egypt
Suriname
Trinidad and Tobago
Syrian Arab Republic
Colombia
Sri Lanka
Azerbaijan
Maldives
Kyrgyzstan
Belize
Dominican Republic
Hungary
Croatia
Viet Nam
Czech Republic
Argentina
Mexico
Brazil
Jordan
Uzbekistan
Ecuador
Ukraine
Moldova, Republic of
Uruguay
Thailand
Latvia
Montenegro
Occupied Palestinian Territory
Albania
Russian Federation
Tunisia
Georgia
Macedonia, The former Yugoslav Republic of
United Arab Emirates
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Armenia
Kazakhstan
Serbia
Belarus
Slovakia
Slovenia
Percentage of the Population
100%
What about other dimensions of wellbeing ?
Multidimensional Poverty ≠$1.25/day poverty
80%
70%
MPI Poor
$1.25 a day
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
Multidimensional Poverty 2014
Headline results
11
More girls and women in school
Gender parity in enrolment at lower levels achieved in much
of world, and tertiary enrolments now favour women
Source: WDR12, estimates based on WDI
Measure of equality of
economic opportunities
High incomes do not guarantee gender equality
Falling global participation, and LAC exceptionalism
Labour force participation rate
(%)
60
57
57
58
57
57
55
55
55
51
49
50
LAC
45
World
43
40
1990
1995
2000
2005
2012
Increases in female labor force participation in LAC from
2000-2010 accounted for 30% of the reduction in extreme
poverty over the period
More than 700 million women subject to violence at the hands of
a husband, boyfriend or partner in their lifetime
Source: Preliminary analysis of WHO (World Health Organization), global prevalence database (2013) using World Bank regions.
Overlapping constraints on women’s agency
45 % of women experience two constraints or more, 13% experience all three
Note: DHS data for 54 developing countries
Source: Klugman et al 2014
Legal
discrimination
pervasive
Legal
discrimination isispervasive
At least one legal
difference between men
& women
31
128
29
No laws on domestic
violence
Restrictions on women
as head
of household
28
Unequal inheritance
rights
Number of countries
Source: Women, Business and the Law 2014