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eFarmer.us
Garlic
Production, Market and Expected
Return
December 2008
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Overview
• Garlic is among the oldest known horticultural crops. Some
writings suggest that garlic was grown in China as far back as
4000 years ago.
• It is a perennial crop.
• It belongs to the same family as leeks, onions, and shallots.
• One of the world's top producers of garlic is China, which
produces 66 percent of the world's garlic every year.
• Garlic is a cool-season crop grown in most regions of the
U.S.
• Garlic will grow in almost any well-drained, friable (easily
crumbled in the hand) soil, preferably with high organic
matter content.
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Health and Nutrition
Minerals / Vitamins
Amount (per 100gm)
Copper
0.630 mg
Iron
1.200 mg
Manganese
0.860 mg
Phosphorous
310 mg
Calcium
30 mg
Zinc
1.930 mg
Carbohydrates
20.8 gm
Protein
6.3 gm
Thiamine
0.060 mg
Riboflavin
0.230 mg
Vitamin C
13.0 mg
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Health and Nutrition Benefits
 Garlic is known best for keeping cold at bay. Eating a clove of garlic when you feel like you
may have an onset of cold, improves your immune system and strengthens up the natural
defense system of the body.
 Garlic is also credited with anti-oxidants that help fight cancer and cancerous tumors.
Medical science has proof that garlic contains compounds like diallye disulphide and sallycystein, which have anti-tumor properties and help in slowing down the growth of
tumors and also reduce their size.
 Garlic has compounds that help prevent any kind heart disease. It helps in lowering the
cholesterol level in blood, which in turn makes sure there is nothing to block the arteries.
It helps keep the aorta of the heart flexible and enables it to pump the blood effectively.
 Garlic also helps in the control of blood pressure or hypertension. A chemical known as
Ajoene is found in garlic which helps in thinning the blood, thus reducing clots from
forming and reducing hypertension. Garlic was used in ancient China to treat people
suffering from angina attacks and poor circulation.
 Garlic is effective against fighting off a host of infections. It is known for its anti-bacterial,
anti-viral and anti-fungal properties and has been used since a long time to treat wounds,
typhus, cholera, intestinal parasites, recurrent yeast infections and candida albicans.
 Garlic can also be used as an effective aphrodisiac and may be used to treat impotence.
Garlic produces an enzyme called nitric oxide synthase, which is required to get an
erection. Garlic stimulates the production of this enzyme in people who have lower levels
of it.
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Market Opportunities
• Direct market as a local specialty in:
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Wholesale market
Farmer’s market
Roadside stand
• Local retailer like supermarkets and specialty produce and health food stores,
• Can be sold via the Internet, and use advertisements in selected magazines,
• Garlic greens are the leaves of the tender, immature garlic plant (can create a
value-added product by making garlic greens pesto).
• Garlic scapes (or flower stalks), they should be rinsed, drained, bagged, and
refrigerated .
• Garlic Scallions , Pack the “scallions” for market in banded 6 and 12 bunches
per poly bag or waxed and lined box.
• Bulbs with leaves attached may be braided, with or without dried flowers or
herbs and sold as ornamental edibles.
• Can be sold as planting stocks to local gardeners, local farmers, and through
the Internet or mail order.
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Kentucky Market and Producers
Seed Suppliers
• Local farmers at farmers' markets or roadside and
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farm stands. Select only large, disease-free bulbs for
planting.
Garlic Seed Foundation list, sent on request if you
furnish a stamped self-addressed envelope.
Other seed-saver organizations, such as Seed Savers
Exchange, Southern Exposure Seed Exchange, and
Native Seed Search,
Commercial seed catalogs
Internet.
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Market Opportunities
• Bluegrass Farmers Market
• Lexington Farmers Market
http://www.lexingtonfarmersmarket.com/
• Roadside stand,
• Local retailers like supermarkets and specialty
produce and health food stores,
• Can be sold via the Internet, and use advertisements
in selected magazines.
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Production Characteristics
Table 1. Net Returns for Five different yields and prices of garlic
Yield (lbs./ acre)
Price ($/lb.)
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
$0.80
($5,815)
($5,313)
($4,810)
($4,308)
($3,805)
$1.60
($4,215)
(2,913)
(1,610)
(308)
995
$2.40
($2,615)
(513)
1,590
3,692
5,795
$3.20
($1,015)
1,887
4,790
7,692
10,595
$4.00
$585
4,287
7,990
11,692
15,395
Taken from: Garlic Production. (Ford et al., 2006) Penn State Agriculture Alternatives.
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Production Characteristics
• Garlic is a cool-season crop grown in most regions of
the U.S.
• Ideally, garlic should be planted between midSeptember through to early November although
planting can be left until spring if you are prepared
to accept a lower yield.
• Garlic will tolerate a wide range of soils but prefers a
free-draining loam high in organic matter.
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Production Characteristics
• If well-rotted manure is not available then a generous
application of a general purpose fertiliser such as Growmore
should be raked in immediately prior to planting.
• This should be followed by two further applications of
nitrogen (as ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulphate, urea,
etc.) in April and May, applied between the rows at a rate
equivalent to 15-20 grams of nitrogen per square metre.
• Separate the bulbs into individual cloves just prior to
planting and space them at 10 cm in rows about 30 cm
apart,
• Plant them base down so that there is about 50 - 70 mm soil
over the top of the cloves and lightly firm the soil with the
back of a spade.
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Production Characteristics
• In milder districts no winter protection is necessary but
those areas exposed to heavy frosts will benefit from a
winter mulch of straw or fleece.
• In Kentucky if you do plant in spring remember that garlic
requires a month or so of low temperatures in order to bulb
up properly so store bulbs in a frost-free shed rather than a
warm boiler room.
• During the growing season it is important that the plants
have adequate moisture. From March onwards the soil
should be checked regularly and watered as necessary.
• Labor needs vary seasonally. Approximately 20 to 25
"human interventions" are needed between the time he
starts and the time he sells bulbs.
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Production Characteristics
• A typical 12-row planter can plant 25 acres of bulbs in
a day. There are also 3-, 4-, and 8-row configured
planters
• Gauging the right time to harvest is very important.
• Garlic will double in size during its last stage of growth.
If dug too soon, the cloves will not have grown to
their maximum size.
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Production Characteristics
• If bulbs are dug too late, they may have begun to split
apart in the soil.
• Digging some plants up to determine the correct time
to harvest is recommended. The outer skin should be
tight, the bulbs fully developed and well formed.
• In small-scale plantings, garlic can be dug with a
garden fork.
• For larger acreages, several tools are available for
undercutting and harvesting garlic. Bed lifters, potato
diggers, or subsoilers can be used to loosen garlic
from the soil.
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Production Characteristics
Weed Management
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Good weed control is essential in garlic production.
Advance field preparation with a weed-suppressing cover crop such as rye or
sorghum-sudan grass can significantly reduce weeds as well as build up soil organic
matter.
Mulching new plantings can also be used as a way to control weeds.
Cultivation is another method of weed control.
The weeds within the plant rows may be removed by hand cultivation
Pest Management
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Most pests that attack onions will also attack garlic.
These include onion thrips, onion maggots, grasshoppers, and gophers.
Good cultural practices are essential in controlling this pest. Start by rotating your
crops. Don't plant garlic in the same place two years in a row.
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Production Characteristics
Disease Management
Most garlic diseases are either soil- or seed-borne and usually can be
controlled with proper rotation and by planting disease-free seed.
The most common diseases in garlic include:
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White Rot
Fusarium (Basal or Bottom Rot)
Botrytis
Penicillium Molds
Rust
Nematodes
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Production Cost
• Capital Requirement (Land , Equipment)
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Small tractor
Mower
Sprayer
Harvest bins
Irrigation pipe trailers
Building
One to ten five acres of land
• Labor costs are market rates for agriculture
labor rate (machine $8.71), labor (non
machine is $8.24).
• Land Opportunity Cost per acre is $359.38
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Production Cost Overview
Items
Quantity
Units
Price
Total
Seeding cost
1373
lbs
$40.83
$5253.90
Herbicides
0.625
gallons
$47.26
$16.06
Harvesting
4240
hrs
$11.1
$1190.00
Machinery
13.573
day
$55.93
$75.07
Other variable expense
2
acre
$580.00
$580.00
Variable Costs
Interest expense
$217.27
Total Variable costs
$7332.79
Fixed Costs
Tractors
1
acre
$12.75
$12.75
Implements
1
acre
$14.76
$14.76
Drip irrigation system
1
acre
$500.00
$500.00
Land charge
1
acre
$150.00
$150.00
Total fixed costs
1
Total costs
$677.51
$8,010.30
Excerpted from: Ford, T. et al. 2006. Agricultural Alternatives: Garlic Production. The Pennsylvania
State University. Page 4.
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Basic Summary
Market Opportunity
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Wholesale market
Farmer’s market
Roadside stand
To local retail shops like supermarkets and specialty produce and health food
stores.
Can be sold via the Internet, and use advertisements in selected magazines.
Advantages in Central Kentucky
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Garlic is planted in the fall and harvested in the next summer.
Kentucky farmers have the skill and the capital to grow garlic.
Farmer’s market and the wholesale supplies will need access to five workers per
acre during harvest season.
Good often to replace tobacco revenue or add revenue.
Good marginal land use crop.
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References
Health and Nutrition
– http://www.garlic.org/health.htm
– http://www.garliccenterusa.com
Market Opportunities
– http://www.uky.edu/Ag/NewCrops/marketing.html
– http://www.kyfb.com/federation/Roadside%20Market/roadside.asp
Production Characteristics
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http://www.attra.org/attra-pub/PDF/garlicpdf
http://www.uky.edu/Ag/NewCrops/introsheets/garlicintro.pdf
http://www.herbsociety-stu.org/Garlic.htm
http://www.uky.edu/Ag/NewCrops/marketing.html
http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/garlic.html
http://www.garlicworld.co.uk/grower/guidelines/
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References
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Compendium of Onion and Garlic Diseases and Pests. 2007. Edited by H.
F. Schwartz and S. K. Mohan. APS Press, St. Paul, MN.
Garlic. Report # 387. 1990. By Roger Kline and the Garlic Seed
Foundation. Cornell University and the Garlic Seed Foundation, Rose,
NY. 10 p.
Growing Great Garlic: The Definitive Guide for Organic Gardeners and
Small Farmers. 1991. By Ron L. Engeland. Filaree Farms, Okanogan, WA.
226 p. ISBN # 0-9630850-1-8.
Garlic. 1995. Ronald Voss. University of California Small Farm Center.
Garlic and Elephant Garlic. 2006. University of Kentucky Cooperative
Extension. New Crops Opportunities Center.
Garlic Production. 2006. Thomas Ford et al. Penn State Agriculture
Alternatives. The Pennsylvania State University.
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References
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Boriss, Haylee. January 2006. Commodity Profile: Garlic. Agriculture
Marketing Resource Center.
Brunt, A., K. Crabtree, M. Dallwitz, A. Gibbs, and L. Watson (1996).
Viruses of Plants: Descriptions and Lists from the VIDE Database. 1484
pp. C.A.B. International, U.K.
Cooperative Extension Service (CES). 2006 (revised). Garlic and Elephant
Garlic. University of Kentucky Cooperative Extension. New Crops
Opportunities Center.
Coviello, R. L. Updated 2007. UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines:
Onion and Garlic—Insects section. UC ANR Publication 3453. Statewide
IPM Program, Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of
California.
Davidson, Ralph H. and William F. Lyon. 1987. Insect Pests of Farm,
Garden, and Orchard. 7th ed. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY. p.
305.
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References
 Ford, Thomas et al. 2006. Garlic Production. Penn State Agriculture
Alternatives. The Pennsylvania State University.
 Jepson, Susan B. 2006. Fusarium rot of garlic bulbs. OSU Plant Clinic.
Oregon State University Extension Service.
 Ocamb, Cynthia, Ed. 2007. Garlic Nematodes (Stem and bulb). Oregon
State University Extension Online Guide to Plant Disease Control. Oregon
State University.
 Smith, R. et al. 2007. UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines: Onion and
Garlic. UC ANR Publication 3453 Weeds. University of California.
 Davis, R.M. et al. Updated 2007. UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines:
Onion and Garlic—Diseases section. UC ANR Publication 3453. Statewide
IPM Program, Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California.
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