Transcript PresentationExpress

Chapter
Section
25
1 Section 1
Objectives
• Explain how the states’ new constitutions
reflected republican ideals.
• Describe the structure and powers of the
national government under the Articles of
Confederation.
• Summarize the Congress’s plan for the
settlement and governance of western lands.
• List the main weaknesses of the Articles.
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Chapter
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Terms and People
•
republic – a government in which the people
elect their representatives
•
unicameral legislature – a lawmaking body
with a single house whose representatives are
elected by the people
•
bicameral legislature – a lawmaking body with
two houses, a Senate and a House of
Representatives
•
Articles of Confederation – the original federal
constitution drafted by the Continental Congress
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Terms and People
(continued)
•
John Dickinson – a member of the Continental
Congress and leader of the committee that wrote
The Articles of Confederation
•
federal – national
•
Northwest Territory – vast territory north of
Ohio and west of Pennsylvania to the Mississippi
River, which was key to expanding the republic
•
Land Ordinance of 1785 – plan to dispense and
distribute public land in the Northwest Territory
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Terms and People
(continued)
•
Northwest Ordinance of 1787 – plan for
governing and creating new states carved out of
the Northwest Territory
•
Shays’ Rebellion – an uprising of armed farmers
marching on a federal arsenal in Springfield,
Massachusetts, in protest against higher taxes
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What form of national government did
the Patriots create initially, and what
events revealed that a new
government was necessary?
After the Revolutionary War, the Patriots
feared entrusting the government with too
much power. Most authority remained with
the states.
But strong state governments and a weak
national government led to problems.
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Congress encouraged the former colonies to
create state constitutions.
• Each state
constitution provided
for a republic where
people voted for their
representatives.
• Patriots disagreed over
how much power to
give the common
people.
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There was
disagreement
over how
much power
the state
governments
should have:
• weak state governments
with most of their power
in a popularly elected
legislature.
• With a unicameral or
one house legislature
with either a weak
governor or none at all.
• And a large House of
Representatives where
the people had more
control.
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Some were
afraid to give
the people too
much power.
They wanted:
• a governor with broad
powers.
• A bicameral legislature,
with two houses.
• A senate made up of
wealthy, well-educated
gentlemen who would
balance a lower house
elected by the common
people.
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There was also debate over who should
vote.
• Most states all male taxpayers over age 21 to
vote.
• some states required property ownership for
voting.
• None gave the vote to women or to slaves.
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Most new state constitutions
guaranteed freedom of religion.
Previously, colonies collected taxes for religious
institutions.
Now, religious freedom became the norm.
The Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom set
the example. It allowed for religious liberty free of
state influence.
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The Articles of
Confederation
was created by
the Continental
Congress
before the war
ended.
• It created a loose
confederation or
league of states in
1777.
• Congress’s power was
limited to prevent the
problems experienced
under Britain.
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With the Articles, government power
was limited.
• Congress made and enforced laws.
• There was no Executive power.
• Each state was equal with one vote in
Congress.
• Majority rule determined most issues.
• Amendments (changes) to the Articles
required the agreement of all 13
states.
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Congress had a limited role.
Congress could:
Congress could not:
Declare war or
conduct foreign policy.
Tax
Administer relations
with Indian nations.
Regulate commerce
between states or states
and foreign nations
There was also no federal court
system.
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The Articles
created a
method to
settle and
govern the
Northwest
Territory.
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• Surveyors divided the
territory into a N-S and
E-W grid to establish
hundreds of townships.
• Each township was
subdivided into one square
mile (640 acre) squares to
sell at $1 each.
• Many farmers couldn’t
afford the $1 an acre, and
some land speculators got
special deals.
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The Land
Ordinance
of 1785
established
a method to
distribute
public land.
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The Land Ordinance of 1785 grid system is still
evident today.
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Northwest Ordinance of 1787 set up a system
to govern territories and create states.
Congress established a
territorial government
and appointed a
governor.
Settlers were
guaranteed freedom of
religion, trial by jury,
and rights of common
law.
Once there were 5,000
men, an assembly could
be elected. The
appointed governor
retained veto power.
Once there were 60,000
residents, a territory
could apply for
statehood.
It abandoned the British model of keeping
colonies permanently subordinate.
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The
Northwest
Ordinance:
•
prohibited slavery.
•
required a constitution.
•
promised settlers basic
freedoms.
•
ignored the rights of
Native Americans.
•
resulted in five new
states: Ohio, Indiana,
Illinois, Michigan,
Wisconsin, and part of
Minnesota.
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Britain denied American
ships access to the
British West Indies and
the right to export
goods to Britain on
American ships.
European
nations did
not take the
new nation
seriously.
Spain forbade American
trade with New Orleans.
Britain kept soldiers in
frontier forts located in
the Northwest Territory.
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Growing
problems led
to calls for a
revision of the
Articles of
Confederation.
• The nation’s debt was
mounting.
• The economic
depression was
deepening as debts,
bankruptcies, and
foreclosures grew.
• Foreign nations did not
respect the United
States.
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