Transcript Clean Coal Technologies

SIXTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON
CLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGIES
CCT2013
Clean Coal Technologies What roadmap for R&D
Ibrahim Gulyurtlu
12-16 MAY 2013, THESSALONIKI GREECE
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
1. Introduction
2. CO2 considerations
3. Coal utilisation technologies and Research areas for further development
4. CO2 sequestration options in the long-term
5. Some examples
6. Programmes of US, Japan , and Europe
7. Future concepts of power plants
9. Conclusions
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
Introduction
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
Coal continues to be the most abundant fossil fuel in the world
but its wider use, particularly in developed countries heavily
relies on technological developments for clean coal utilization in
the energy market.
Clean coal technologies (CCTs) developed in the last 40 years
have been developed with the objective being deployed reduce
the environmental consequences of the use of coal with
particular attention on SO2, NOx, particulate matter and very
recently on mercury.
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
Clean coal technologies (CCTs) developed in the last 40 years
have been developed with the objective being deployed reduce
the environmental consequences of the use of coal with
particular attention on SO2, NOx, particulate matter and very
recently on mercury.
Short-term objective is basically to ensure that the existing fleet
of power plants respect with the present and emerging
regulations through cost-effective measures to have the most
adequate environmental control.
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
Roadmap objectives, scope and structure, in IEA document on technology
roadmap, were summarised in three principle ways with the aims to reduce
emissions of CO2 from coal-fired power plants, in addition to improved demandside energy efficiency:
1. Deploy and further develop high efficiency and low emissions (HELE) coal
technologies, i.e. use more efficient technology and continue to develop
higher-efficiency conversion processes.
2. Deploy CCS; recent demonstration projects show that CCS is technically
viable and, in fact, essential to achieving long-term CO2 reduction targets.
3. Switch to lower-carbon fuels or to non-fossil technologies as a means of
reducing generation from coal.
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
However, facts about the present situation could be summed up as:
− Technologies presently in operation for clean coal utilisation do really not
meet the requirements for near-zero emissions or carbon management
− The strategy employed by far for incremental improvements are not
adequate to meet future requirements
− Based on the strategy mentioned above, the policy applied up to now has
involved adding on new equipment to existing plants to meet incremental
improvements but this is generally a complex & costly procedure.
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
It is required to implement policies to make the transition to new technologies
most effective and successful because
− 60% of available U.S. capacity 20-40 years old while in Europe, it is even
higher for older fleet of power stations fired with coal and the situation in
Japan is not much different. In countries with large consumption of coal for
power like China, India new fleet is getting in operation but the technologies
used are not suitable for efficient carbon management.
− It is essential to get new technologies on the commercial stage in the next
10-15 years to be able to substitute retiring power stations. − This transition
must be accompanied without any disruptions in meeting the demand for
power.
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
Coal reserves by region and type
232
124
17
55
Europe
(10.4)
33
North America
(30.7)
108
309
E. Europe - Eurasia
(18.2)
30 0
Africa
(2.6)
9
5
Latin America
(3.3)
76
Asia - Pacific
(20.6)
Hard coal
Brown coal
Notes: Numbers in parentheses represent the ratio of total coal resources-to-reser ves for each region.
Coal reser ves in gigatonnes (Gt).
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
Electricity generation from different sources
45%
Electricity generation from non-fossil fuels (TWh)
7 000
40%
6 000
35%
5 000
30%
4 000
25%
3 000
20%
15%
2 000
10%
1 000
5%
0%
0
1990
Nuclear
1995
Hydro
Non-hydro renewables
2000
2005
Share of electricity from coal
Source: Unless other wise indicated, all tables and figures in this chapter derive from IE A data and analysis.
2010
Share of non-fossil electricity
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
It is clear that the future of coal utilisation depends on the issue of
CO2 is resolved in a cost effective manner for coal to be a vaible
alternative.
One aspect that is also highly important for the future is that any new
technology developed should be able to deal with any type of coal and
not specific to the nature of coal used. The current technologies are
very much dependent on the nature of coal.
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
CO2 considerations
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
CO2
With human-related activities currently producing about 27
billion tonnes of CO2 emissions each year world-wide, it’s
important to know not just how much CO2 can be captured
using CCS, but for how long it will remain in storage.
While any CO2 captured will remain stored indefinitely (?),
estimates indicate CCS could capture and store the equivalent
of between 70 and 450 years of man’s current global annual
CO2 emissions.
European Technology Platform for Zero Emission Fossil Fuel Power Plants (ZEP)
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
Source: IPCC (2007)
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
Source: IPCC (2007)
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
Source: National CO2 Emissions from Fossil-Fuel Burning, Cement
Manufacture, and Gas Flaring: 1751-2008.
Emissions by Country
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
CO2
Other
industrial
processes
e.g. fuels,
chemicals,
plastics, etc
Carbon
capture
and
compression
Industry
e.g. cement
Oil
to
Industry
Coal
fired
plant
To the
electricity
grid
Gas
fired
plant
Low carbon
energy
Coal and
biomass
Sequetration
-Capture
Storage
Transport
Gas
Injection
Imperial College
London/
Grantham
Institute for
Climate Change
Oil field
Enhanced Oil Recovery
Gas field
Saline
aquifer
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
Options that include CO2-enhanced oil recovery and CO2enhanced
coal
bed
methane
production,
are
particularly
attractive because injection costs are offset by increased fossil
fuel production.
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
Global Capacity
Geological
Storage Option
Gtonne†
CO2
As a proportion
of total
emissions
2000 to
2050
Depleted oil and
gas fields
920
45%
Unminable coal
seams
>15
>1%
Deep saline
reservoirs
400-10,000
20-500%
The issue is that not all storage locations are close to the
sources of CO2 emissions
IEA publication
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
In the global transition desired to have a fully low-carbon economy, the
Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technology has emerged, in recent
years, the key way to achieve a desirable equilibrium between rising
demand for fossil fuels for energy and the objective of reducing the
greenhouse gas emissions. There is a great doubt that this aim to control
the global temperature can be achieved. This is because the use of CCS as
a large scale technology that could be employed commercially feasible for
large scale deployment is put in question by many report. EU has already
considered CCS not of the first priorities of further R,D &D.
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
The International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) states that “Retrofitting
existing plants with CO2 capture is expected to lead to higher costs and
significantly reduced overall efficiencies than for newly built power plants
with capture. The cost disadvantage of retrofitting may be reduced in the
case of some relatively new and highly efficient existing plants or where a
plant is substantially upgraded and built.” Most other studies agree with
these conclusions. The main reasons are:
 Higher investments
 Shorter lifespan
 Efficiency penalty
 Standstill cost
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
For EU, the aim for the future is low carbon energy mix. EU has encouraged
projects that could advance CCS from research projects to commercial
demonstration projects with the objective of reducing cost, showing the safe
geological storage of CO2, build on the knowledge and then pass this
information with low-risk to investors. There have been considerable efforts
to take the leading role on CCS development, all the demonstration projects
funded by EU with complete CCS are located outside EU and even the
promising suffer delays because of:
 Lack of business case
 Public awareness and acceptance
 Legal framework
 CO2 storage and infrastructure
 International cooperation
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
Additional cost for CCS,
per ton C02
Source: European Commission
50
2013 2015
2020
Certificate price
Average avoidance costs
Likely CCS price without demonstration
EU publication
Time
At present, CCS-equipped power plants
could not produce electricity at costs that
would make them profitable. This is
because the cost of avoiding CO2
emissions using the current CCS
technology is higher than the price paid for
emitting CO2. The first CCS demonstration
projects would operate in the red oval in
the chart (right) and face a ‘financing gap’
of at least € 25 - € 55 per tonne CO2.
It is estimated that with continuous
technological improvements, the costs can
be halved by 2020. This should ensure that
CCS plants can in the future operate within
commercially feasible parameters in an
environment governed by a robust CO2
price (blue oval in the chart).
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
Coal utilisation Technologies and Research areas
for further development
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
Issues
 What are the next steps with existing technologies
 What are the new technologies that could offer the optimised
carbon management as performance capabilities could vary
depending on application
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
Technologies presently utilised are not the most suited to face
the future for our energy needs. They are based on up to 100
year-old
concept
improved
over
the
years
with
add-on
equipment and retrofitting to mostly address the environmental
issues as they emerged. The existing technology was conceived
to produce power to satisfy the rapidly industralisation of the
Western world without too much concern to be ultra clean and to
minimise greenhouse gas emissions such as CO2. new
integrated system designs.
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
There are several potential paths to satisfy the long-term need for
near-zero emission coal plants. Advanced combustion technology can
use pure oxygen instead of air, thus making it easier to capture CO2.
Gasification could lead to producing several end products such as
electricity and transportation fuels and could handle flexibility in the
fuel available. There are also for exploration the hybrid concepts
combining combustion and gasification or making simultaneous use
of power generation options such as fuel cells and combustion
turbines, thus achieving high system efficiencies with very much
reduced greenhouse gas emissions..
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
Emissions Control - Existing Plants
Current technology could handle
− Meeting existing regulations for NOx, PM, Hg, and
by-product, however targets for using fresh water use
my need to be re-evaluated
Further technology requirements for improvement
− Low-NOx combustion, low-cost catalysts, improved
gas filtration and electrostatic separation, sorbent
systems, multi-pollutant controls, dry cooling
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
Projects are underway for advanced environmental control technology
and ancillary systems in the following areas: A) advanced NOx
emissions control, B) mercury emissions control, C) particulate-matter
emission control, D) coal utilization by-products, E) air quality research,
and F) energy-water interface. Field demonstrations (utilizing up to 600
MW scale plants) are being carried out in the areas of innovative NOx,
mercury and particulate control technologies as well as exploring
opportunities for by-product utilization.
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
(USA roadmap for existing plants)
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
Boiler
De-NOx
Coal
Electrostatic
precipitator
FGD
Flue gas
3
NOx (mg/Nm )
3
SO2 (mg/Nm )
3
PM2.5 (mg/Nm )
<500 - 1 000
<50 - 100
<1 000 - 5 000
<20 000
< 20 - 100
< 50
< 10
Current situation regarding emissions
Roadmap technology publication of IEA
Stack
Current performance at stack
<50 - 100
(<0.16 - 0.42 g/kWh)
<20 - 100
(<0.06 - 0.42 g/kWh )
<10
(<0.032 - 0.042 g/kWh)
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
Advanced Combustion
Technology Needs for which further R&D required
- Cofiring,
- CFB (circulating fluid-bed) scale-up,
- Advanced boiler tube & steam turbine materials,
- Coal-oxygen combustion,
- Oxygen “carriers,
- Sensors & controls
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
Combustion technology needs are focused on three areas: advances that
allow the effective use of existing plant assets (e.g., use of expert system
techniques to improve emissions control; repowering technology to
increase plant capacity, increase efficiency, and meet environmental
requirements), advances to current plant concepts that will bridge to
future plants, (e.g., ultra-supercritical steam to achieve higher efficiency),
and future plant designs that have near-zero emissions including CO2.
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
Fuel flexibility and ultra-low NOx combustion are near-term objectives to
enhance existing plant capability and performance. The capability to
achieve operation with ultra-supercritical steam allows for increased
plant efficiency. This capability will benefit plants built in 2010 and be
available for integration in future near-zero emission plant concepts.
Nitrogen-free combustion includes innovative concepts that include
oxygen combustion and concepts that utilize chemical oxygen carriers.
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
CO2 intensity factors and fuel consumption values
CO2 intensity factor
(Efficiency [LHV, net])
A-USC (700°C2) IGCC (1 500°C3)
670-740 g CO2/kWh
1
Coal consumption
290-320 g/kWh
(45-50%)
Ultra-supercritical
740-800 g CO CO2/kWh
320-340 g/kWh
(up to 45%)
Supercritical
800-880 g CO CO2/kWh
(up to 45%)
Subcritical
≥880 g CO CO2/kWh
(up to 45%)
340-380 g/kWh
≥380 g/kWh
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
The share of supercritical and ultrasupercritical capacity in major coal
consuming countries
80%
Share of SC and USC (%)
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
India
China
Russia
Germany
Japan
Australia
South Africa
Indonesia
United States
Poland
South Korea
World
Note: For India, achieving 25% SC and USC by 2014 is an ambition, with perhaps up to 10% likely to be achieved in practice.
Source: Analysis based on data from Platts, 2011.
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
Increase generation from plants deploying High efficiency and Low Emissions technology
Decrease generation from subcritical plants
Actions for
reducing CO2
Global electricity generation from coal (TWh)
Install CCS on plants deploying High eff & Low emis technology
10 000
9 000
8 000
7 000
6 000
5 000
4 000
3 000
2 000
1 000
0
2010
Subcritical
2015
2020
2025
Supercritical
Roadmap technology publication of IEA
2030
USC
2035
IGCC
2040
2045
2050
High Effe & Low Emis
technologies + CCS
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
Emissions
Fuel
type
Plant
type
CO2
NOX
740
880 to 900
CCS energy
PM
capacity
(MWe)
factor
(%)
penalty
(%-points)
<10
1 100
80
7 to 10
<50
460
80
(postcombustion
and oxy-
<50 to 100 <20 to 100
(by SCR)
CFBC
Capacity
(mg/Nm3)
(g/kWh)
PC (USC)
SO2
Max. unit
<200
(by FGD)
<50 to 100
(in situ)
Coal
<20 to 100
PC
(A-USC)
IGCC
670
(700°C)
<50 to 100
(by SCR)
(by FGD)
670 to 740
<30
<20
<10
<1 000
(possible)
<1
335
-
fuel)
70
7
IGFC1
500 to 550
<30
<20
<1
<500
-
Future emissions levels expected with more advanced system
Roadmap technology publication of IEA
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
Advanced Gasification
Technology Needs for which further R&D required
- More efficient, lower cost gasifier designs (transport & others),
- Improved refractory materials,
- Air separation,
- More efficient & reliable feed systems
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
Integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) plants are the cleanest
coal-based power systems available today and represents an effective
means of capturing carbon dioxide for sequestration. The capital cost
and reliability, availability and maintainability (RAM) of gasification
processes are two key drivers in determining the commercial
deployment of gasification technology.
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
IGCC could become a dominant technology in the power industry because of the
following advantages:
• Ability to handle almost any carbonaceous feedstock;
• Ability to efficiently clean up product gas to achieve near-zero emissions of
criteria pollutants, particulates, and mercury at substantially lower costs and
higher efficiencies;
• Flexibility to divert some syngas to uses other than turbine fuel for load
following applications;
• High efficiency because of the use of both gas turbine and steam turbine cycles;
• Ability to cost effectively recover CO2 for sequestration, if required;
• Ability to produce pure H2, if desired;
• Greater than 50% reduction in the production of solid by-products; and,
• Substantial reduction in water usage and consumption.
Gary J. Stiegel, et. Al. NETL
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC)
Raw
fuel
gas
Coal
Stack
By-products and wastes
Gas cleaning
Coal
gasifier
Air
Heat recovery
steam generator
Oxygen
Slag
Air separation unit
Clean
fuel gas
Compressor
Air
Roadmap technology publication of IEA
Steam
turbine
Gas turbine
Generator
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
The major IGCC projects in the world
Spain
Holland
USA
JAPAN 250 MW
Nakoso DEMO PLANT
Presentation by Yoshikazu IKAI, Japan Coal Energy Centre
USA
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
Integrated Gasification Fuel Cell
Fuel gas
Coal
gasifier
Fuel cells (SOFC or MCFC)
Gas turbine
Heat
steam
Steam
turbine
Electricity
Roadmap technology publication of IEA
Electricity
Electricity
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
Gasifier concepts are being investigated to lower the plant capital cost.
Higher throughput designs; improved refractory life; the development of
low-cost, reliable dry feed technology; and increased carbon conversion
(98% target) are projected to contribute approximately 10% reduction in
plant cost and approximately 5 percentage point increase in plant efficiency.
Advanced air separation technology is projected to contribute a 5-7%
reduction in the capital cost. The next generation air separation
technologies require efficient thermal integration with the gasifier and the
energy conversion technology (e.g., gas turbine).
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
Gas Cleaning
Technology Needs for which further R&D required
• Multi-pollutant control,
• Filter materials & systems,
• Regenerable sorbents,
• Sensors & instrumentation
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
Gas cleaning basically removes gas-phase contaminants and particulates
to avoid corrosion, erosion or deposition in downstream energy
conversion equipment and involves both environmental and process
considerations. They are particularly stringent for coal-fired power plants.
In future coal-fired systems, equipment can include combustion turbines,
fuel cells, catalytic reactors to convert syngas to fuels, separations
technologies for capturing CO2 or separating H2, and heat transfer
equipment.
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
Gas cleaning involves many pollutants and any cleaning process has to
be specific for the downstream unit operations to be employed. The
requirements will differ for reliable operation of membrane separation
technology,
fuel
cells,
turbines,
and
other
component
designs.
Representative requirements for fuels or chemicals production include
total sulfur <60 ppb, total halide < 10 ppb, NOx < 100 ppb as well as
specifications for other trace chemicals.
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
The approach for gaseous contaminant control is usually to employ
sorbents. Sorbent performance, cost, regenerability and attrition
resistance are common barriers. One of the challenges is how to
design a system to meet the multi-pollutant control needs that is
simple, low cost and reliable.
The design of the gas cleaning system have to integrate well both
process control and operation procedures – e.g. compatibility in
operating temperature and pressure transients during turndown, startup or shut-down.
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
Syngas Utilization for Power and Fuels
Technology Needs for which further R&D required
• Fuels synthesis reactors,
• Syngas combustion,
• Fuel cells,
• Fuel-flexible turbines,
• Hybrid fuel cell-turbine systems,
• Hydrogen combustion,
• Air separation,
• Hydrogen separation
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
Gasification is used as part of the process in a new concept of coalbased power plants in which the syngas produced can be employed
for power generation, for the production of liquid fuels, hydrogen,
and chemicals as well as processing heat.
In order to develop this concept to be one of the future options to
generate energy it is imperative that the overall energy plant
efficiency and costs meet competetive targets in comparison with
other alternative energy production methods.
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
For this reason, progress over existing technology is
needed to develop innovative processes for obtaining
these products. It is required to define R,D &D programs:
 to
develop
gas
separation
technologies
(e.g.
hydrogen) and
 power generation technologies (e.g. solid oxide fuel
cells, hydrogen turbines, oxygen-fired gas turbines).
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
Some examples
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
Oxy-combustion is one of the most promising near-term technologies
enabling carbon capture and storage (CCS) because it is based on
proven, reliable, commercially available technologies that reduce risk
and, hence, allow near-term (2015-2016) commercialization.
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
Figure 6 – Simplified Oxy Process Diagram
T-firedboiler
boiler
T-fired
“air”
heater
particulate
control
sulfur
control
3
5
coal
flue gas
cooler
2
gas processing unit
1
CO2
4
secondary recirc
primary recirc
pulverizer
1 …The flue gas recirculation rate (FGR) is the ratio between
the amounts of re-circulated flue gas and total amount
Oxy-combustion system of pulverised coal combustion plant
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
Circulating Fluidised Bed Systems are particularly well suited to
oxy-combustion
because
of
the
fuel
flexibility
and
better
temperature control through particle recycling which can then
reduce the flue gas recycling
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
In an oxygen-fired CFB system, with the proper amount of recirculated
gas, the furnace conditions could be very similar to air firing using the
appropriate systems that can be designed to have the same flue gas
flow to coal flow ratio as with air firing and the same volumetric
fraction of oxygen in the flue gas leaving the bed as that of the air-fired
case.
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
Furthermore, a critical advantage for oxygen-fired CFB type
furnaces is the capability to reduce flue gas flow for a given coal
input, by minimizing the recirculated flue gas flow, while
maintaining the furnace temperature.
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
With an oxygen-fired CFB, a recycling loop of solid
materials is used, by adjusting the heat pick up, to control
the furnace temperature at an optimum operation level for
combustion efficiency without any potential risk of
agglomeration.
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
One of the principal drivers for oxy-fuel technology is near zero
emissions primarily in terms of CO2, but also other pollutants like
oxides of nitrogen (NOx), oxides of sulphur (SOx), and particulates.
The oxy-fuel process in the form examined here is based on the
familiar steam power cycle. The combustion takes place in an O2–
CO2–H2O atmosphere, moderating the furnace temperatures by flue
gas recycling, leading to similar furnace and boiler designs
compared with existing air-fired PF units. However, the subsequent
flue gas treatment requires adaptations.
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
Some aspects of this technology remain to be addressed such as:
( in the next 10-15 years)
 The part load behavior
 Safety aspects related to O2/CO2 containing enclosure
 Material risks concerning the heating of almost pure oxygen
coming from ASU before being mixed to recycle stream
 The implementation of a 700ºC steam cycle
 Demonstration projects with fully integrated CO2 sequestration
ENCAP project
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
One of the most immediate solutions to implement to reduce CO2 levels
in power plants could involve the application of co-combustion of coal
with biomass as biomass fuels are considered zero-CO2. A project
entitled as “COPOWER” was funded by the Commission was undertaken
to identify the
synergy between coal of different origins and several
biomass material. This is also a way of achieving clean coal application
by ensuring that the two or more fuels could combine favourably during
the combustion to reduce emissions and minimise problems associated
with ashes. This then leads to more efficient and less costly plant
operation
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
Pressure and Temperature Fluctuations Observed with Biofuels
- Relatively stable fuel feed rates were achieved.
- Combustion of MBM, OC and SP => bed agglomeration problems.
- Dense bed zone T < 800ºC (700-770ºC) => Preventing Bed
agglomeration for MBM, OC and SP mono-combustion (Na, K).
- Wood pellets temperature and pressure profiles were very stable
during combustion.
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
Vertical profiles of local mean temperature in Duisburg boiler
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
gas conc. [mg/Nm
3
at 6% O 2]
Average CO emissions at Chalmers boiler
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
coal
coal +
sludge +
MBM
2004
coal
coal +
sludge
2005
coal +
sludge +
wood
coal
coal +
sludge
2006
coal +
sludge +
wood
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
NOX Emissions - INETI
- Ex: fuel-N conversion
decreased from 8 to 2 %
increasing MBM from 0 to 25
%wt in the fuel mixture.
- During monocombustion of
biomass fuels the fuel-N
conversion to NO seems to
increase probably due to
higher air excess used and
lower char inventory to
promote NO heterogeneous
reduction.
- NOX decrease during co-combustion of all biomass materials,
independently of biomass N content.
- During co-combustion the fuel-N conversion to NOX decreased with
the increase of biomass share in the mixture up to 25% wt.
- Biomass fuels released higher fractions of fuel-N as NH3 in the riser
that possibly react with NO formed, reducing it to N2 through the
known DeNOX mechanism.
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
coal
coal + sludge
coal + sludge
+ wood
Comparison of captured sulphur and limestone dosing
(Ca dosing in the form of CaCO3 in excess
of the Ca input with the fuel)
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
Hg retention in ashes
Unburned carbon in ashes
Hg retention in ashes
100
10
5
C (% wt)
25%
15%
5%
20
15
1st Cyc
80
25
0%
Retention in Ashes (%)
30
2nd Cyc
60
40
20
Co-Firing Ratio % SP
0
0
0.105
0.101
0.092
0.083
Hg in Fuel blends (m g/kg)
0
5
15
25
Co-Firing Ratio % SP

Hg in Polish coal is 0.11 mg/kg whilst that of straw pellet is 0.018 mg/kg

Cl was high in both fuels = 0.3 %

Small addition of straw, decreased Hg entered with fuel, adsorption on
ashes was significant (SP – Straw Pellets)
Amounts of Hg, S content and levels of unburned carbon in ashes influence
the Hg retention
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
The effect of co-firing coal and sewage sludges
on alkali related deposits in a 12 MW CFB
KCl (g) is liable to induce deposition and
subsequent corrosion of super heaters.
Co-firing of a chlorine rich bituminous coal
with straw pellets gives rise to a KCl(g)-level of
20-25 ppm. This should be compared with the
theoratical level of 65 ppm, which would be the
case if all potassium in the fuel formed KCl.
Adding sewage sludges to the fuel-mix brings
the KCl(g)-level further down to practically
zero.
The deposition rate is lowered by co-firing with
sewage sludge.
Ash properties such as sulphur and alumino
silicate content of coal and sludge have a
dramatic effect on KCl-formation.
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
CO2 sequestration options in the long-term
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
The use of CO2 for synthetic fuel production or as feedstock in chemical
processes and biotechnological applications or for the manufacture of other
products is an area of R&D for the next 30-40 years for an effective CO2
sequestration. This is an area in which most effort should be devoted to
effectively deal with CO2 issue.
JAPANESE
VISION
JCOAL/CCT Roadmap
2010
G
G
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meeennntttaaall
ppprrrooottteeecccttitiooonnn
2020
CO2 Reduction ratio：80 %
Tightness of oil and natural gas
Changes of Electric power demand
Replacement of existing coal fired power station
Co-combustion of biomass and coal
Commercialization of CCS
High efficient and hybrid
generation
Combustion &
Gasification ・A-USC(700℃)
・Lignite Drying
・Gasification
Low rank coal
(TIGAR,ECOPRO）
＊HWT
Steel making
2050
Tightness of coking coal→Tightness of bituminous coal→An era of low rank coal
Domestic
circumstances
of coal
technology
R&D
Coal gas
2040
CO2 Reduction ratio：25%
SSeeccuurriinngg ccooaall
rreessoouurrcceess
CCS
2030
＊Post Combustion
＊Oxyfuel (Callide)
＊Pre-Combustion
・CMM
・ECBM
・ECMM
Low carbon generation
・UA-USC(760℃)
・CO2 Capture IGCC
・Poly-Generation
・Lignite Coal Gasification
＋CCS
・Ad-Post Combustion
・Ad-Pre-Combustion
・Ad-Oxyfuel (Ad: Membrane
Separation)
・Chemical looping
・ECBM
・COURSE50
(Hydrogen Reduction, Coke treatment)
Step up for development in 2010-2020
①Demo Test： A-USC, COURSE50
TIGAR, ＥＣＯＰ
ＲＯ
②PP Test： ECBM, Lignite Drying
③Element Test： Chemical Looping
Zero-emission
generation
・IGFC+CCS
・A-IGCC+CCS
・Hydrogen Production
Sustainability generation
・A-IGFC+CCS
・Carbon Recycling System
International Markets for Japan’s CCT
＜Technology
Diffusion＞
・USA－USC, IGCC
・Canada－CCS
・EU－USC, IGCC
・China－Eco-Coal Town, ECBM
・Indonesia－UBC
・Vietnam－USC(SC), CFBC
・India－High Ash Coal Use, Coal Ash Use
・Mongolia－Lignite Gasification, Coke Making
＜Demo for Int. ・Australia－Lignite Gasification + CCS
Coop.＞
・Indonesia－TIGAR, HWT, Coke Making from Lignite
＜Modification＞ ・India－High Ash Coal Use
・The point of allow means commercialization
・＊ means government support projects
3
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
(USA roadmap for the future)
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
Demo plants
with storage
Defi ne EU flagship programme
EU concept for the future
Implement program
Include CCS under
ETS
Change
legislation
Design, develop &
get local permits
Construction
and/or
retrofitting of
the
commercially
viable demo
plants (4 yrs)
New
plants
could
be
made
“cap ture
ready”
2007
Produce EU
i nfras tructu re pl an
Defin e EU
infrastructure
Commercial
plants
Infrastructure
Learning
period
Permitting of pipeline
infrastructure (+/-5
yrs)
2010
2012
2015
Design of
new plants
Local
permitting
process
Finish
design
and start
construction
Construction of main
pipe line infrastructure
(3 to 5 years)
2020
2025
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
Future concepts of power plants
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
Products/By-Products
(Electricity, Hydrogen, Liquid Fuels, Sulfur, Processed Ash)
Fuel
Air
Fuel
Handling /
Conditioning
Fuel
Processing
Gas Stream
Purification
Energy
Conversion
Product
Conditioning
Air
Separation/
Compression
Environmental Controls
(cooling water, CO2 sequestration)
Instrumentation / Process Control
The future concept of integration of power generation and
synthetic fuel production and utilisation in other applications
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
The Integrated power plant concept for the future that could be modified to
include the use of CO2 as feedstock for many potential applications like
synthetic fuel production, in chemical processs, etc.
Presentation by Yoshikazu IKAI, Japan Coal Energy Centre (JCEC)
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
Conclusions
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
• Coal will continue to be a valued resource to significantly contributing to
energy production provided that clean coal technologies address to
environmental challenges,
• Existing technologies make incremental improvements to emissions of
most pollutants but are not equipped to meet the requirement near zero
emissions and carbon management,
• Advanced technologies critical for coal utilisation with effective carbon
management have been identified but their full introduction in major coal
using countries will be over a period of 40 years provided outstanding
technical issues are resolved in the next 20 years. This depends on the level
of funding R&DD activities
Clean Coal Technologies - What roadmap for R&D
• Achieving cost and environmental goals requires maintaining significant
investments in coal R & D in the next 20 years,
• The future CO2 sequestration should be based more on the utilisation of
CO2 as feedstock for many different applications as alternative to
underground storage,
• Demonstration projects are required before fully commercialisation of
new technologies with CO2 sequestration,
• Coal is at a crossroad to be able to remain a viable energy source in the
next 40 years. It has to consolidate its position in the next 30 years to
meet challenges from other resources.
Do not be put off by what President Obama said
“So if somebody wants to build a coal-powered plant, they can.
It’s just that it will bankrupt them because they’re going to be charged a
huge sum for all that greenhouse gas that’s being emitted
Do not be afraid of pressure. Remember that pressure is what turns a
lump of coal into diamond
Thank you for your attention