Transcript Pregnancy and Childbirth - Doral Academy High School

Pregnancy and Childbirth
Understanding Fertility
• Conception
– Involves the fertilization of a women’s egg by a man’s
sperm
– Each month a women’s ovaries release an egg
• 24 hours if not fertilized
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3-4 days - the egg travels through the fallopian tubes
Egg not fertilized
Millions of sperm
Sperm release an enzyme
Egg and sperm each carry 23 chromosomes
Ovum, blastocyst, embryo, fetus
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Pregnancy
• 3 periods of about 3 months (13 week trimesters)
• Tests
– Home pregnancy tests
– Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
– Two weeks after fertilization
• Early signs and symptoms
– Missed menstrual period
– Softening of the uterus
• Hager’s sign
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Slight bleeding
Nausea
Breast tenderness
Increased urination
Sleepiness, fatigue and emotional upset
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Continual Change in the Women’s Body
• Uterus size
– First 3 months, the uterus enlarges to about three
times its nonpregnant size
– 4th month, large enough to make abdominal
protrude
– 7th-8th month, pushes up into the rib cage
• Breast changes
– 8th week
– 10th week
• colostrum
• Muscles and Ligaments loosen
• Weight Gain
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Fetal Development
• First Trimester
– Blastocyst
• Inner cells divide into three layers
• One layer – inner body parts
• Middle layer – muscle, bone, blood, kidneys, and sex
glands
• Third layer – skin, hair, and nervous tissue
– Embryo - End of second week
– All major body structures are formed between 2nd and
9th week
– 2nd Month - Fetus
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Fetal Development
• Second Trimester
– Fetus grows to about 14 inches and 2
pounds
• Third Trimester
– Fetus gains protective fat layers, Respiratory
and Digestive organs develop
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Diagnosing Fetal Abnormalities
• Ultrasonography (Ultrasound)
– High frequency sound waves
• Amniocentesis
– Fluid removal from the uterus
• Chorionic Villus sampling
– Removal of tiny section of chorionic villi
• Quadruple marker screen (TMS)
– Maternal blood test
– Analyze four hormone levels and compared to
appropriate standards
• Fetal programming
– Conditions in the womb may influence the risk of adult
diseases
– Amniocentesis, CVS, and TMS
– Chromosomal, genetic and other abnormalities
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The Importance of Prenatal Care
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Regular medical checkups
Blood tests
Prenatal nutrition
Avoidance of drugs, and other environmental
hazards:
– Teratogens
• 1st trimester
• Congenital malformations
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Alcohol
Tobacco
Caffeine
Drugs
STD’s and other infections
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The Importance of Prenatal Care
• Activity and exercise
– Moderate exercise program
• 30 minutes most days
• Cardiovascular exercises
– Kegal Exercises
– Prenatal exercise classes
• Preparation for childbirth
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Complications of Pregnancy and
Pregnancy Loss
• Ectopic pregnancy
• Spontaneous Abortion, or miscarriage
– Stillbirth
• Preeclampsia/eclampsia
• Placenta Previa
• Placental Abruption
• Gestational Diabetes
• Preterm Labor
• Labor Induction
• Low-birth Weight (LBW)
– 5.5 LBS.
• Infant Mortality
– SIDS
• Coping with loss
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Childbirth
• Choices in childbirth
– Who is going to assist with delivery?
• Physician
– High risk?
• Certified Nurse-Midwife
– Where is the baby going to be delivered?
• Hospital
• Home
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Labor and Delivery
• Entire process 2-36 hours.
• First stage of Labor.
– Average13 hours for a first birth.
– Cervix is completely dilated (10 centimeters)
– Hormonal changes.
– Contractions. (30 seconds and occur every
15-20 minutes)
– Mucus plug is expelled and amniotic sac
may rupture.
– Transition:
• Contractions may last 60-90 seconds and be 1-3
minutes apart
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Childbirth
• Second Stage of Labor
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Baby slowly pushed into birth canal
Baby squeezes through pelvis
Head is usually delivered first
Umbilical cord is cut
• Third Stage of Labor
– Delivery of the placenta
– Stage typically lasts 5-30 minutes
• Apgar Scale of the Baby
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Heart rate
Respiration
Color
Reflexes
Muscle tone
Total score is between 0 and 10
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Pain Relief During Labor and Delivery
• Childbirth preparation courses
– Breathing and relaxation techniques
– Lamaze or Bradley
• Epidural
• Narcotics
– Fentanyl or demeral
– Provide less pain relief than a epidural
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Cesarean Deliveries
• 2006 about 31.1% of babies born in the U.S.
• Surgical removal of the baby
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Baby’s head too large
Mother has a serious health condition
Mother who is overweight or diabetes
Difficult labor
Fetal distress
Dangerous infections
90% of cesarean mothers will have subsequent
deliveries by cesarean
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Postpartum Period
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3 months following childbirth.
Critical family adjustment.
Vaginal delivery leave hospital 1-3 days.
Cesarean section 3-5 days.
6-8 weeks for the mother’s reproductive organs to
return to prebirth condition
• Breastfeeding
– About 74% of mothers breast-feed
– Lactation begins about 3 days post childbirth
– Colostrum prior to lactation
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