Transcript 47 Hot Topics for Global History

47 Hot Topics for Global History
(Info to Know to Beat the Exam)
Goals of this Packet
• TODAY: we’ll go over some brief notes on
47 hot topics
• TOMORROW: YOU read back over the
notes and also the multiple choice questions
• WHY? The Regents people are lazier than
you….they repeat the questions…..
• Find more like this at
http://www.regentsprep.org
1. Vocabulary
• traditional society-culture in which the
man works, woman takes care of family,
usually in country
• cultural diffusion- spreading of goods and
ideas from one culture to another
• isolation-country stays out of contact with
outside world (Japan & China did this)
• self-determination-country wants to
control its own future
2. Religions
– Religion: Islam
– Area of the World: Middle East
– Key Beliefs: Five Pillars of Wisdom
Jihad-holy war
– Holy Book: Koran
2. Religions
– Religion: Judaism
– Area of the World: Middle East (Israel)
– Key Beliefs:
monotheistic
Old Testament & prophets
– Holy Book: Torah (first 5 books of Old
Testament)
2. Religions
– Religion: Christianity
– Area of the World: All over--especially western
hemisphere
– Key Beliefs: monotheistic
Golden Rule (Do unto others…)
Jesus/God
– Holy Book: Bible
2. Religions
– Religion: Buddhism
– Area of the World: Started in India, mostly in
Asia
– Key Beliefs: Noble Eightfold Path
reincarnation
nirvana
– Holy Book: No sacred book
2. Religions
– Religion: Hinduism
– Area of the World: India
– Key Beliefs: caste system
reincarnation
karma/dharma
moksha
– Holy Book: No sacred book; Vedas (prayers)
Upanishads (descriptions of origins of universe)
2. Religions
– Religion: Animism
– Area of the World: Tribal religion-Africa &
Latin America
– Key Beliefs: All living things have a spirit
– Holy Book: No holy book
3. Ancient River Civilizations
• Examples: Tigris/Euphrates
(Mesopotamia=Fertile Crescent)
Nile River
Indus River
Yellow/Yangtze (Yuang & Chang)
• Why settle on rivers? Fertile soil,
transportation, irrigation
4. Ancient Civilizations
• Ancient civilizations used advanced
_technology_____ for their times.
example: pyramid
5. Hammurabi’s Code
• “Eye for an __eye_____”—written
law code of ancient Babylon
6. Golden Ages
• Golden Ages are a time of
___advanced___ learning, a high
point of civilization.
7. Ghana/Mali/Songhai
• ancient African kingdoms known for
___trade_____ and having pretty
__complex_____ societies.
8. Byzantine Empire
- empire in the Middle East during the
500’s
- emperor Justianian wrote Justinian’s
Code, a written legal code
- culturally diffused the cyrillic
__alphabet__ and eastern Orthodox
Christianity to ___Russia___
9. Crusades
• What were they? Holy wars by the
Christians from Europe trying to take
back the Holy Land from the Muslims
•
•
Who won? Muslims
What did they cause? Cultural
diffusion--new ideas went back to
Europe and brought on Renaissance
10. Catholic Church during
Middle Ages
• What was the role of the Catholic
Church? Total control of the peoples’
lives--center of their world; provided
order & stability
• What could happen to someone who didn’t
follow the rules of the Catholic
Church?get excommunicated (couldn’t go to
heaven or even speak to someone in
church)
11. Protestant Reformation
• Who started it? Why? Martin
Luther didn’t like what the Catholic
Church was doing--selling
indulgences and other abuses. He
nailed his 95 Theses to the door of
a church.
•
What were the results? Decline
in power of Catholic Church
12. Renaissance
• The Renaissance was a period in
Europe where there was a
_rebirth_ in learning. It built on
the ideas from ancient __Greece__
and __Rome__.
• Humanism-focus on humans
13. Spanish Conquerors
- Spanish conquistadores took over most of
Central and _South_____ America.
- They brought the Spanish language,
__disease______, and the Catholic
Church.
- They defeated native peoples using
advanced technology and
__weapons__________.
14. Mercantilism
• an economic system in which the
mother countries takes _raw_____
materials from the colony and then
uses the colony as a market_____
for finished goods
15. Absolutism
- definition:One ruler is in total control
of the country
- examples of absolute rulers:
– Louis XIV: from France; Sun King
Elizabeth I: from England
– Catherine the Great & Peter the
Great: Russian, modernized &
westernized
16. Scientific Revolution
- definition: time when people started to
use __natural_______ laws and the
scientific ___method____,instead of
traditional teachings to interpret the
universe
- examples of scientists: Newton,
Copernicus, Galileo, Descartes
17. Limited Monarchy
- type of government in which the
monarch (king/queen) has to share the
__power__ with the people
- Example: Parliament in England
– Magna Carta—limits the power of
the King of England
– Bill of Rights—gives people some
rights; limits power of King/Queen
18. Enlightenment
- period in European history where
philosophers challenged traditional
teachings
- use of _reason________
- said people deserve the right to
__life_____, liberty, _property____
- examples: Locke, Voltaire,Montesquieu
19. French Revolution
- description: Peasants and ordinary people of
France were poor, overtaxed, didn’t have any
rights, abused by the king. Peasants
overthrew the government and tried to kill
many nobility during the Reign of
_terror________
- Leaders: Louis XVI & Marie Antoinette
(king & queen, beheaded) Robespierre (led
the Committee of Public Safety)
- effect: spread the ideas of liberty,
equality, and _fraternity_ across Europe
20. Karl Marx
- wrote the __communist_____ Manifesto
- hated the abuses/problems of the
Industrial Revolution
- believed the workers or “have-nots”
(also known as the _proletariat____)
would overthrow the owners or “haves”
(also known as the __bourgeoisie___)
21. European Imperialism
- definition of imperialism: stronger
_country_ takes over weaker country
- Europeans imperialized most of
___Africa_, Southeast_Asia___, and
parts of Latin _America_
- The Europeans didn’t care about
existing tribes or anything. They just
wanted raw __materials_ and markets.
22. Meiji Restoration
• After Matthew Perry opened Japan
up for trade with the rest of the
world, the Japanese government
decided to _modernize_______ and
industrialize their country. This
was known as the Meiji Restoration
23. Nationalist Leaders
- wanted to free their countries of
foreign rule; wanted
____independence_
- wanted their countries to be unified
- examples: Ho Chi Minh, Simon Bolivar,
Jomo Kenyatta, Toussaint L’Overture,
Kwame Nkrumah, Cavour, Mazzini,
Garibaldi
24. Japanese Imperialism
• When Japan began to modernize,
they needed natural resources.
Being a volcanic island nation
(archipelago), they did not have the
necessary __raw materials__ and
decided to imperialize to get them.
25. World War I
- 4 Main Causes:
Militarism_________________
Alliance System_________
Imperialism____________
Nationalism____________
- assassination of Archduke Ferdinand in Sarajevo (Balkan
Mountains) started the war—area was known as the
“powderkeg” of Europe
- Central Powers (Triple Alliance) vs. Allies (Triple
Entente)
- Treaty of __Versailles_____ ended the war punishing
Germany very harshly
26. Russian Revolution
- The people of Russia were not satisfied
with the rule of Czar Nicholar II.
- People were starving and they were
oppressed without any political rights.
- World War I made the problem worse.
- In 1917, the __Communist__ party (the
Bolsheviks) took over.
27. Joseph Stalin
- Stalin ruled with an iron fist in the
communist Soviet Union.
- He used his secret _police_, a forced
__famine___ in the Ukraine, and the
Great Purges to eliminate any and all
___opposition___ to his rule.
- Had 5 Year _Plans_ to catch up
industrially to the rest of the world
- collectives=large government farms
28. Command Economy
• People were told what to produce,
where to work, etc.. by the
___government_____.
29. Hitler & Mussolini
- Fascist leaders (believed in glorification of
the _state__) rose to power in Germany &
Italy during the 1930’s
- They promised to get their people out of
the economic depression.
30. Cold War
• Time after World War II when the United States and
Soviet Union (U.S.S.R.) were not fighting each other
directly, but helped opposing sides
• battle of communism (U.S.S.R.) vs. capitalism (U.S.A.)
• U.S. foreign policy: _____containment___: do anything
to stop the spread of communism
• examples of Events: Berlin Airlift, Berlin Wall, NATO,
Warsaw Pact, Marshall Plan, Truman Doctrine, U2
Incident, Cuban Missile Crisis
31. Gandhi/India
• Gandhi fought to get India’s
independence from __Britain____
using nonviolent resistance such as
hunger strikes, _____homespun___
cloth, and the Salt March
• After independence, India split into
Hindu India and _Muslim__ Pakistan
32. United Nations
• International peacekeeping
organization formed after
___World War II_________
• made up of a Security Council and
the General Assembly
33. Soviet Union During Cold
War
- command economy
- no political _rights_,
brutal harsh control
34. Mao Zedong &
Chinese Communism
• Communist leader in China following World War
II
• Had support of the _peasants_; focused on
agriculture
• Used the Great _Leap__ Forward and
established large communes
• Cultural _Revolution_____: movement to
reteach basic communist ideas using the Little
Red Book of Chinese Communism
35. Cambodia
- Pol __Pot____ and the Khmer
Rouge killed 2 million people in a
mass genocide
- Wanted to establish a communist
regime
36. Deng Xiaoping
• Ruler in China after Mao Zedong
• Made many economic changes,
allowing some elements of
_capitalism__________
• Four Modernizations
• Allowed economic change, but not
political freedoms—i.e. Tianenmen
Square
37. Collapse of U.S.S.R.
- Communism was not working in the Soviet
Union.
- Gorbachev made reforms such as glasnost
(__openness____) and perestroika (allowing
some capitalist elements)
- Now the U.S.S.R. is the Commonwealth of
Independent Nations-15 independent
capitalist nations, but they’re very poor
38. Cuba
• Under the leadership of Fidel
___Castro____, Cuba is a
Communist country with no economic
ties to the United States
• Cuba used to get support from the
U.S.S.R. (Soviet Union), but the
U.S.S.R. and many other communist
countries have since fallen apart
39. Arab-Israeli Conflict
- Jewish (Israelis) and Muslims (Palestinians) are
fighting over the land of _Israel/Palestine__,
given to Israel after WWII. Both have
religious and historical claims to the area.
- Britain fist suggested in 1917 with the Balfour
Declaration that the Jews deserve a
homeland.
- Peace talks have attempted to negotiate a
compromise (Camp David _Accords_, 1979) but
no peace yet.
- Israeli troops occupy forcefully Palestinian
territories of the Gaza _Strip, West _Bank_,
and Golan __Heights._
40. Islamic Fundamentalism
- movement to go back to basic Muslim
teachings
- antiwestern, antidemocratic, antimodern
- examples: Iranian Revolution—overthrow
of _Shah_ Reza Pahlavi by Ayatollah
Khomeini (1979), Taliban Government in
Afganistan
41. European Union
- trade agreement between European
countries designed to improve their
_economies____
- most use the EURO as their currency
42. Green Revolution
• using new ___technology______ to
improve crop yields and be able to
feed more people using less amounts
of land
43. NAFTA
- trade agreement between the U.S.,
Canada, Mexico; aimed at being able to
compete with the European Union and
improve _economies___
- many U.S. businesses moving to Mexico
for cheap __labor___
44. Latin America 1990s
- Economies are often based on a single
__cash_ crop.
- Much drug trafficking; Struggling to
industrialize
- Catholic Church is important—“liberation
theology” =priests helping the poor
- democracy is replacing _dictatorship____
45. Nelson Mandela
- jailed for 27 years in South _Africa____
for opposing apartheid
- apartheid=law segregating blacks and
whites
- elected president in the first open election
in 1994
46. Japan’s Favorable
Balance of Trade
– Japan _exports___ more than they
_import___.
– Japan focuses on technological products
for export. (SONY, Mitsubishi)
47. Iraq
• 1990: Iraq invaded Kuwait and U.S. led a
United Nations effort to free Kuwait (Persian
Gulf War)—At the end, Iraq & Saddam
__Hussein__ had to agree to allow U.N. arms
inspectors inspect factories—he didn’t do it.
International trade sanctions (embargos-don’t
buy/sell with them_) have been put in place
until that happens
•THE END