Transcript Primates have grasping hands, a method of navigation

Chapter 15
Human Evolution:
Building Modern Humans
FIGURE 15.1 Hominid
Relationships
• Later hominids generally evolved in two
directions—one a “robust” line that
became extinct about 1 million years ago,
and the other the “gracile” line continuing
down to modern Homo sapiens (see also
figure 14.6).
Table 15.2 General Terminology
for Hominids
Table 15.1 Recent Hominid Cultures
上古時代 ???
Table 15.2 General Terminology
for Hominids
Out of Africa
Homo erectus; China, India, Southeast Asia.
Was the first of the hominids to migrate out of
the African center of hominid origin.
Large quantities of animal bones and numerous
stone tools are found at erectus occupation
sites;
Some sites are associated with charcoal,
Africa
Homo erectus (white arrows) originated in Africa but
spread to parts of Eastern Asia, and perhaps into Europe.
H. neanderthalensis apparently followed much the same
migrations out of Africa as did H. sapiens after them.
FIGURE 15.2 “Missing Link” Fallacy
人類從黑星星演變來
•
(a) A misreading of primate evolution led to the view that midway between modern
apes (such as orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees) and modern humans there existed
a direct, intermediate ape that was a blend of ape and human traits. (b) As current
phylogeny shows, no such direct intermediate occurs, or is expected. Instead, apes
and humans trace their ancestry back along independent lineages to a common
ancestor about 6 to 7 million years ago (see also figure 14.6).
The first erectus fossils were discovered as the
result of a mistake, a stubborn Dutchman, and
extraordinary good luck
Dubois was invalided to Java and placed on
inactive duty; explored along the Solo River.
Unfortunately, this enterprising workforce stole
fossils and sold them on the side to Chinese
traders,
In 1891; the bones suggested a fossil with a brain
larger than that of an orangutan, an upright posture,
and an age far older than any hominid then known.
“ Java man,”
Chapter 15
Human Evolution:
Building Modern Humans
In the 1920s, a series of hominid fossils from
the same time horizon were uncovered outside
Beijing, China.
The fossils--skullcaps, mandibles, facial
fragments, teeth-were from approximately two
dozen different individuals in all. Together the
bones gave a relatively complete reconstruction
of erectus, termed at the time “Peking man”.
With the outbreak of World War II, all bones
were packed up in December 1941 for shipment
to a safe haven in the United States.
FIGURE 15.3
Skulls
Still earlier related fossils occur in Africa, dating
from about 1.9 million years ago. These African
fossils H. ergaster.
However, ergaster fossils recently found in
Africa look a lot like the Asian erectus, thereby
linking the two. If this recent find is erectus, then
the fossils from Africa to Asia were in fact one
species (H. erectus), not two (H. erectus in Asia
and H. ergaster in Africa). Thus, H. erectus
likely arose in Africa, with large brains and tall
stature, some reaching 6 feet in height.
Tools and perhaps fire were used
body hair was likely reduced and sweat glands
increased, allowing improved heat loss and
evaporative cooling for an active hunter.
So equipped, erectus moved out of Africa,
spreading to China and Southeast Asia, and
possibly into Europe, although fossil evidence
there is so far unknown.
Erectus: 120 MYA
Ergaster; 190 MYA
Out of Africa-Again
The oldest fossil of heidelbergensis is from
Ethiopia around 600,000 years ago and the
most recent is from Europe 200,000 years ago,
Neandertals appear a fossils dating to more
than 300,000 years ago and survived down to
30,000 years ago, flourishing from western to
eastern Europe.
FIGURE 15.4 Out of Africa
• Various species of gracile hominids
originated in Africa and then spread to
other continents. This figure summarizes
the approximate times and geographic
locations of hominid species.
Large bones of wooly rhinoceros, mammoth, and
wild cattle are found at Neandertal sites,
but faced competition from a species of large wolf,
from lions, and from the huge cave bear.
Neandertals disappeared in Europe shortly after
the first appearance there of modern humans.
The timing is suspicious. Perhaps Neandretals
were dimply outcompeted, or exterminated, or
just absorbed into the gene pool of modern
humans.
Homo sapiens – Out of Africa a Third Time
By about 40,000 years ago, modern H. sapiens
appeared in full possession of a richer culture.
They entered Europe, joining Neandertals
already present there. By 30,000 years ago,
Neandertals were extinct.
These first H. sapiens to colonize Europe,
sometimes referred to as Cro-Magnon humans,
were not only anatomically modern but
culturally advanced as well.
Cro-Magnon burials were clearly evident and
were more elaborate;
religious beliefs and rituals
Cro-Magnon humans are best known for their
“cave paintings” discovered at sites in France
and Spain.
圖片所屬網頁 http://prehistoria.freewebpages.org/
FIGURE 15.5 Cave Art
• Reindeer art from a cave in France. CroMagnon culture.
Mosaic evolution
grasping hands, bipedal posture, increased
brain size, reduced body hair, speech.
Speech may have been a relatively new
invention, perhaps emerging as recently as
40,000 years ago.
Each of these features evolved separately at
different times
FIGURE
15.6
Mosaic
Evolution
Human
variation
Noses
Body Types
Skin Color
Hairless Bodies
Language
Religion
FIGURE 15.8
Noses
FIGURE 15.9 Human Body
Types
• Humans adapted to cold climates are
often lateral in build; those adapted to
warm climates tend to have a linear build.
(a) Inuit from the Arctic (under five feet tall).
(b) Nilote of near equatorial Africa (over six
feet tall).
Wanderlust: Out of Africa
The first of the hominids to move out of Africa was
H. erectus.
By 800,000 to 500,000 years ago, it had reached
Indonesia and China.
The second hominid arising in Africa (600,000
years ago) but migrating out to occupy parts of
Europe (500,000 to 200,000 years ago) was H.
heidelbergensis. It most likely was the immediate
ancestor to Neandertals, which populated parts of
Europe and Middle East,
and to Homo sapiens.
FIGURE 15.4 Out of Africa
• Various species of gracile hominids
originated in Africa and then spread to
other continents. This figure summarizes
the approximate times and geographic
locations of hominid species.
老祖宗遷移的速度
Homo sapiens first arose in Africa 160,000 years
ago, but soon dispersed from there.
By 100,000 years ago, archaic forms of H.
sapiens had reached the Middle East, where they
met and overlapped with resident Neandertals.
By 40,000 years ago they reached Western
Europe.
By 60,000 years ago, H. sapiens had colonized
Indonesia and Australia.
H. sapiens reached North America by 20,000
years ago and very quickly spread southward into
the rest of the Americas.
人類來了 !!!!!
Arrival of Homo sapiens
The multiregional theory envisions H. erectus dispersed across Africa, Asia, and Europeevolving more or less in place directly into H.
sapiens.
The out-of-Africa Theory (replacement)
envisions H. sapiens originating in Africa, then
dispersing to Asia and Europe, replacing lingering
populations of H. erectus and Neandertals with no
interbreeding between them.
FIGURE 15.4 Out of Africa
• Various species of gracile hominids
originated in Africa and then spread to
other continents. This figure summarizes
the approximate times and geographic
locations of hominid species.
DNA 萬歲
Anthropologists extracted genetic material from
well-preserved bones of European Stone Age Homo
sapiens (Cro-Magnons) dating from 23,000 to
25,000 years ago and from Neandertals, and
compared this genetic material to today’s humans.
Cro-Magnons were similar to today’s humans, but
Neandertals differed sharply from both CroMagnons and modern humans. If early humans and
Neandertals had intermingled,
To the Americas
• Humans entered North America about 20,000
years ago; a land bridge, called Beringia, that
allowed humans to migrate from Siberia to
Alaska.
• Recall that the arrival of humans was
accompanied by a demise of large mammalian
fauna.
• In 1932, near Clovis, New Mexico, the remains
of an extinct mammoth were found. Within its
ribcage, finely crafted stone spear points were
discovered; Clovis points.
人類來了
• Humans set up camp there some 12,500 years ago.
• Lowered sea level expanded and connected islands
from Southeast Asia throughout Indonesia, and
helped peoples eventually reach Australia 50, 000 to
60,000 years ago.
By Sea
Iometric profile
Along the banks of the Columbia River in Washington
State, the skull and partial skeletal remains of a
human eroded out
the river bank. His cranial
ByofSea
features were distinctively Caucasoid, not Amerindian.
languages spread across an area that ranges from
eastern India to Vietnam, and from Yunnan to Malaysia
and the Nicobar Islands of the Andaman Sea. In only two
countries are Mon-Khmer languages
• 台獨聯盟台灣e廣場論譠/WUFI
eopenforum
• 什麼時候舉行「臺灣民族聯合祭祖大典」?
2004-01-03 12:36:09 曾信超 ... 福佬人、客
家人的祖先屬於百越族,也是南島民族的一
支,再加上已經歷代跟原住民通婚、混血,如
今在血統上 ... 臺灣人也不是中國人。 因此,
不要祭拜中國人的祖先,請阿扁總統和呂副
總統舉辦一次「 ...
圖片所屬網頁 http://www.marinedice.com/
Australopithecus africanus
A. afarensis
Homo habilis
Homo erectus
圖片所屬網頁 http://www.icb.ufmg.br/~lbem/aulas/grad/evol/