Observatory System of Systems

MSC NVO

LSST

Mauna Kea Observatories Internet 2

Observatory Systems of Systems

OVERVIEW

 Goal: Leverage astronomical community’s plan to develop a:   synoptic survey telescope interactive web-based access to massive archival databases    world’s premiere observation site and largest in-place telescope investment wide-band remote access to telescopes, computing centers, and databases state-of-the-art high performance computing center into a new model of a

system-of-systems observatory

generate a dramatic change in both:   how observational astronomy is conducted, and what we understand of our universe.

(LSST) (NVO) (Mauna Kea) (Internet2) (MHPCC) that would    Request: $5M in FY-02 to provide developmental funding to capture a ~ $200M out-year program for Hawaii-based organizations.

FY-03 and 04 needed funding would be approximately $10M each year to bring the initiative to fruition.

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Observatory Systems of Systems

Components

 Systems:      LSST - Large-aperture Synoptic Survey Telescope NVO - National Virtual Observatory Mauna Kea family of Observatories  Infrared Telescope Facility      Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope United Kingdom Infrared Telescope Keck I & II Subaru telescope Gemini North Maui Supercomputer Center Internet 2  Observatory complex system of systems for which the telescope and instrument is only the front-end MSC NVO LSST Internet2I Mauna Kea Observatories (6.5M) (Petabytes of data) (3.0M) (3.6M) (3.8M) (10M/10M) (8.3M) (8M) (2.2 teraflops) (bandwidth) 3

Observatory Systems of Systems

Concept

Mauna Kea Field of View

IfA MSC         LSST - all sky survey NVO - archival reference Internet 2 - nodal connectivity LSST Mauna Kea MSC - change detection, dynamic database Mauna Kea - rapid & detailed follow-up World-wide observatories - detailed follow-up Astronomical Community  professional - off-site participation   educational - teaching resource amateur - database access Astrophysical Community IfA - Observatory System of Systems administration World wide Observatories

Merge Astrophysical

and

Information Technologies

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Observatory Systems of Systems

LSST - overview

 Parameters      Telescope Class Instrument Data Rate Data Storage Cost 6.5 meter class (50m 2 collecting area) , 3 deg FOV 24 magnitude sensitivity, 50,000 x 50,000 pixels 20,000 deg 2 /week, terabytes/day 1+ petabyte ~$150M, funding - NSF/NASA/other non-government  Area of Investigation    opens up the field of time-domain astronomy - revolutionize knowledge of astronomical source that vary or move on short time-scales (e.g. - movies versus still photos) 10,000,000,000 objects within grasp, 10,000,000 variable objects expected real-time data stream to astronomical community - professional, academic, amateur 5

Observatory Systems of Systems

LSST - knowledge generation

   Asteroids / NEOs - 90% of 250-meter class within first decade, 100’s/day to be detectioned - understand the origin, relationships, and fate of small bodies in the Solar System Kuiper Belt and Trans-Neptunian Objects 10,000 orbital maps, complex dynamic structure, gross physical characterization Planet Search 100,000,000 stars investigated using occultation(gas-giants) and micro-lensing (Jupiter-size) planets  Super Novas - discover ~ 100,000 year, addresses question of heavy element abundance    Galactic Halo low-luminosity White Dwarfs of ~0.5 solar masses Dark Matter synthesize optics, software, high throughput data analysis to image and map non-luminous mater Active Galactic Nuclei construct complete sample of types  Celestial Archive - Transients / temporal dimension- gamma ray burst (rising light curve), eclipsing binaries, lensed quasars, - Vast new discovery space of optical transients -’ unknown unknowns’ - Digital Sky Map - co-adding repeated scans to generate limiting magnitude of 26.5

- Support observations at all wavelengths via participation in National Virtual Observatory 6

Observatory Systems of Systems

NVO

 National Virtual Observatory:    integration of all major astronomical archives into a interoperable system of federated multi-wavelength data bases exploit potential for scientific discovery afforded by LSST and other survey programs focus for development of capabilities that do not yet exist  realize full potential of petabyte datasets  establish statistical correlations, discover significant patterns and temporal variations  understand complex astrophysical systems, interactive numerical simulations & statistically complete multivariate bodies of data          Tool Sets processing distributed storage image libraries dynamic range software data analysis visualization grid computing ~ tera scale ~ petabyte ~ 500,000,000 point sources / 1,000,000 extended sources rapid querying of large scale catalogs ~ 11 mag real time collaboration Digital Sky & GIOD technologies, XSIL, new computational tools multivariate patterns 7

Observatory Systems of Systems

Maui Supercomputing Center

 Computational Characteristics of Observatory System of Systems:     Tera-byte / night of data process data-stream in near real-time detect, characterize, classify objects / events retrievable achieve - data structures  Applications:     tuned-change detection algorithms scaling - data storage of world’s largest non-proprietary database real-time data mining / farming tool-set Access-query user-interface & analysis data-visualization aids  Functions:    Curator of existing data sets support multiple types of queries Interconnection to other NVO sites 8

Observatory Systems of Systems

Mauna Kea Observatories

 Site Characteristics:    elevation favorable climatic conditions - smooth Pacific air flow, mountain dryness equatorial proximity - northern & southern hemisphere viewing   provides US astronomers with special advantage - generating leadership position significant infrastructure already in place, recent publication of site master plan (w/o LSST as tenant)  Observation Capability:  - world’s largest observational site, most power collection of optical/infrared and sub-millimeter telescopes  ___% of nation’s observation capability 9

Observatory Systems of Systems

Internet 2

 Accessibility - User Explosion:    Professional: front-line astronomers, need breeds of ‘archival’ astronomers The Public / Educational user Amateur  Tool Set;          vBNS - very high speed backbone network service ATM - asynchronous transfer mode GigaPOP Middleware OC192 / 9.6Gbps

quality of service regional high performance aggregation points Glueworks Distributed Storage Remote Operations Virtual Laboratories Manoa as Infrastructure anchor point GLOBUS AURA / SPARC Internet of the future billions of Internet 2 users, convergence applications, embedded systems, unknown killer apps Technology availability for critical Observatory System of Systems functions by 2005 10

Observatory Systems of Systems

Systems Concept

 DRIVER:   ability to conduct all-sky survey with high sensitivity instrument good for IfA areas of inquiry LSST  ENABLERS:    NVO / MSC / Internet 2 NVO technology/approaches to capturing, warehousing, mining, and disseminating data MSC - good mission fit, looking for strategic sponsor, currently has cycles-to-burn, ability to scale-up to LSST/NVO long-term demand Internet 2 - UH as node  HARVESTER:   Mauna Kea Observatories (and others) ability to convert LSST/NVO alerts into new discoveries new paradigm for observational astronomy -- near real-time response to celestial anomalies, vice attempting to predict where they might be observed 11

Observatory Systems of Systems

Technical Issues

 LSST:  site, telescope, instrument/detector, data processing, internal system operation  hardware performance, software performance     MSC / NVO (SOSO sub-set):   terascale pipeline processing data acquisition, calibrations/registration, QA, pipelining, archiving, data mining, data farming, retrieval   computational hardware / software /  exchange protocols, cross-correlation tools, metadata standards  data access layer, query and computing services, data mining, data farming, data analysis / visualization Mauna Kea Observatories:  LSST and Master Plan Internet II:  communication architecture VBNS, GigaPOP, GLOBUS System of Systems  concept of operations, systems engineering / integration 12

Observatory Systems of Systems

Funding Issues

    Potential Funding conduits: NASA, NSF, DOE DoD - Naval Observatory, NRL, AFRL/DE, NRO Private     Near-Term Effort (with Congressional Support): bridge funding to jump-start Observatory System of Systems architecture development development of A-spec for LSST selected technology risk reduction    Mid-Term (based on historical trends): National Research Council - Astronomy & Astrophysics in the New Millennium  5th in a series of decadal reports  21 new equipment initiatives based on scientific merit, technical readiness, cost effectiveness  $4.67B in scope  SOSO #2 (under combined projects of LSST, NVO, WAVE) Trends  increase in international projects  increase in university-based consortia to build and operate midsized-to-large telescopes  general increase in the size of research groups pursuing large/long-term programs  NASA - 60%, NSF - 30%, Private - 10+% 13

Observatory Systems of Systems

Cost Issues

 Long-term Funded program:  LSST  telescope  Instrumentation - EO  Instrumentation - IR  Operations ($3M for 10 years)  NVO/MSC (SOSO/LSST element)  Software  Hardware - Computational  Hardware - Storage ($2M/year)  Hardware - Visualization  Hardware - Communication  Operations ($2M/year for 10 years)  Near-Term Effort (FY-02 through 04):   LSST: technology development and A-Spec NVO/MSC Architecture $70M $16M $20M $30M $10M $5M $20M $2M $3M $20M $196 $15M $10M 14

Systems of Systems Observatory

Back-up Slides

Observatory Systems of Systems

NEO Threat

 NEO -

Near Earth Object =

Asteroids and Comets extreme case of low-probability events / high-consequence effects  Binzel Report (NAS Astronomy and Astrophysics Survey Committee)  Population:  > 1-meter, 1,000  > 100-meter,  Earth Impact Rate ~: 150,000  1KM  100m ~ 1 per 100,000 years ~ 1 per 100 years  >1 m ~ 100,000 kg /day 20% discovered 1% discovered ~ 10,000 MT TNT energy release ~50 MT TNT energy release  Historical Record of Cataclysmic Event    Cretaceous-Tertiary Extinction (65 million) Tunguska, Siberia  Shoemaker-Levy 9 (1908) (1999) ~ mass extinction ~ 50m ~ 10-20MT (>100KM 2 Annual Hiroshima scale energies dissipate in atmosphere (earth shields upto 30-50M) devastation)  Bottom-line = 1% chance of severe regional damage in next century 16

Observatory Systems of Systems

New Approach to Astronomy

 in the past, exploratory efforts in astronomy were constrained by the need to carefully select small samples, we can now imagine exploiting the revolution in computing and networking to:    - discover patterns revealed from analysis of statistically rich and unbiased image and/or catalog databases and from application of advanced visualization tools; and, - deepen our understanding of complex astrophysical systems through sophisticated numerical simulations with the use of advanced statistical methods erase old barriers of time and distance in carrying out modern astronomical observations 17