Transcript Chapter 8: Geography

Chapter 9: Geography
Multicultural Education in a Pluralistic Society,
9th Edition
Donna M. Gollnick and Philip C. Chinn
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9-1
Geography and Culture
Identity is closely linked to the geographic area
in which we grew up and now live.
Each area holds different meaning for individuals
based on race, ethnicity, religion, age, and
primary language.
Understanding geographic influence provides a
context for teaching and learning based on
students’ experiences.
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What is Geography?
The study of places
• Physical geography: Study of the
physical environment
• Human geography:
• Economic activities
• Social and cultural systems
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Our Place in the World
Placing the United States within the world provides a context
for understanding where we and others live.
People are concentrated in certain areas since few choose to
live in the earth’s cold or dry areas.
Three of every four people currently live in the Northern
Hemisphere.
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Regional Diversity in the United States
To meet the needs of students, educators have to be aware of the
influences of geography and space on the culture of the people who live
in the area.
6 main regions:
•
South
•
Appalachia
•
New England and Mid-Atlantic
•
Great Plains and the Midwest
•
Southwest
•
West (Coastal and Interior)
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The South
Characteristics
• It includes many subregions all with
their own distinctive cultures.
• Fifty percent of U.S. African Americans
live in the South.
Education
• Schools were slow to develop in the
South.
• Most schools across the South were
segregated long after the 1954 Brown
decision.
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Appalachia
Characteristic
s
Education
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• Appalachians have historically
been stereotyped as povertystricken, violent, and lazy.
• The poverty rate in Appalachia
today is about the same as in
other rural areas of the country.
• School attendance has historically
been lower than other parts of the
country but is improving.
• The percentage adults who have
finished high school and college are
lower compared with the rest of the
U.S.
9-7
New England and the Mid-Atlantic
Characteristics
• New England was home to the early
political centers of the European
settlers.
• It is among the least racially diverse
areas of the country.
Education
• It is home to some of the country’s
oldest and most prestigious colleges
and universities.
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The Great Plains and Midwest
Characteristics
• One-third of the people in this area live
in rural areas of 2,500 people or less.
• The per capita income in the Great
Plains is among the lowest in the
country.
Education
• Although the region has less ethnic and
racial diversity than other areas of the
country, a growing number of school
districts have implemented bilingual
and ESL programs.
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The Southwest
Characteristics
• Over half of the population of the Southwest
have national origins other than Western
Europe.
• The percentage of people in poverty is
higher in the Southwest than in the rest of
the nation.
Education
• Bilingual education continues to be debated
across the Southwest.
• Teacher salaries are among the lowest in the
country.
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The West
Characteristics
Education
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• People in this region are more likely to
live in metropolitan areas than people
in any other part of the country.
• The population of the West is more
diverse than the rest of the country.
• The use of native languages for
instruction continues to be debated.
• Dropout rates are higher than the
national average in all states in this
region.
9-11
Regional Differences in Education
Significant differences can be found across regional areas in
relation to education.
Individuals exploring teaching opportunities will find that the
average salaries in some states are considerably higher or
lower than in others.
Educational attainment varies across regions.
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Regional Religious Differences
Religious differences are one of the most important of the
regional differences in the United States.
The daily behaviors and values of an individual may have a
direct correlation to the individual’s religious beliefs.
There are significant geographical differences in the religiosity
of the American people.
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Regional Cuisine
An important factor associated with
geography is food.
American regional cuisines are as
different as regional dialects and
regional religious and political values.
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Regional Health and Well-Being
Health issues are closely associated with regional diets.
Socioeconomic status and planned physical activity are factors
that may also influence regional health issues.
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Regional Political Differences
The South, Midwest, and Southwest, and Mountain West
states are primarily Republican.
The states in the northeastern and far western United States
are generally “blue” states.
The Great Lakes states are often “battleground” or “swing”
states.
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Rural, Urban, and Suburban Areas


Seventy-nine percent of the U.S.
population lives in towns, cities, and
metropolitan areas with 2,500 people
or more.
Many teacher candidates indicate that
they want to teach in or near the area
in which they grew up.
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Rural Areas
Population
• 21% of the population resides in rural
areas.
• The states n with the largest rural
populations are California, Texas, and New
York.
Economics
• The rural workforce earns less than its
urban counterparts.
• The poverty rate is higher than in other
places.
Schools
• Schools in rural areas are smaller, so there are
fewer students to manage and a better opportunity
to get to know students’ families.
• Rural schools often do not have the resources to
offer specialized classes.
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Urban Areas
Population
Contradictio
ns
Schools
• One-half of the world’s population live in mega-cities.
• The ethnic and racial diversity is usually greater in cities
than in other areas.
• Cities are centers of extremes and contradictions.
• For oppressed people in urban areas, the dominant
values may not serve them effectively.
• Over 40% of the nation’s students attend schools in the
largest 500 school districts.
• Great disparity can exist between urban school districts.
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Suburban Areas
Developme
nt of the
Suburbs
• The desire for home ownership was one of the
primary reasons for the development of
suburbia.
• Suburban zoning policies and homeowner
association building requirements and
restrictions can limit loans to the more
economically advantaged.
• Most suburbs are economically, racially,
ethnically, linguistically, and religiously diverse.
Suburban
Schools
• The quality of schools is often one of the
reasons that families move from cities to
the suburbs.
• There is diversity in the quality of schools
across suburbs.
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Migration
Migration: moving from one place to another
Immigration: moving into a country with the intention of
permanently settling there
Factors influencing migration and immigration:
•
Political persecution
•
Religious freedom
•
Economics
•
Racial and ethnic oppression
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Migration Worldwide
In much of the world, migration refers to people crossing borders
temporarily.
Migration typically involves movement from rural to urban areas.
Many urban areas do not have the resources to provide services
to growing numbers of migrants.
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Migration in the United States
Early U.S. history involved migration West, including many Native
American tribes.
In the 20th century, large numbers of African Americans moved
from the South to northern and western industrial areas to fill
jobs that were then open to them.
Migration within the United States takes place continuously.
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Globalization
Economic, political, environmental, and cultural
influences call for global connections.
Began with colonization in the 15th century,
which was dominated by ideas of manifest
destiny.
Continues through the development of world
political and economic organizations to address a
variety of human issues.
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Economics
Businesses and organizations are increasingly competing on a global
scale.
Advances in technology are changing the job market and opening
communications across national borders; however, the majority of
the world’s population does not have access to this technology.
Decisions made in one country or region directly affect the
economics of others.
Economic growth varies both within and among countries; disparities
between rich and poor continue to increase.
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Environment
The global ecosystem is directly affected by population needs and
consumption.
Industrialized nations use more resources and contribute more
pollutants to the environment than non-industrialized nations.
Industrialized nations often exploit indigenous communities and
resources, threatening their lives and cultures.
Current efforts are directed at addressing major environmental
concerns at global, national, regional, state, and local levels.
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Incorporating Students’ Cultural and Geographical
Differences into Classrooms
Educators may have to become acquainted with other cultures to
serve the new students effectively.
Meeting with parents and listening to the students’ own
narratives of their lived experiences will help in providing a
context for effective teaching and learning.
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Teaching Immigrant Students
Many live in segregated,
low-income
communities.
Some have parents who
participate in seasonal
work, affecting their
consistent school
participation.
Many will need the
support of English
language development
programs.
Most immigrant parents
strongly support the
education of their
children; how they show
this support may differ
from what is expected.
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Honoring Family Cultures
The teacher’s repertoire of
instructional strategies
should relate content to the
realities of the lives of
students.
Students’ cultural
backgrounds should be
reflected in the examples
used to teach.
The teacher who
understands the
experiences of students
from different cultural
backgrounds can use that
knowledge to help students
learn subject matter.
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Incorporating Global Perspectives
Plan to integrate
worldwide events
and actions into
lessons.
Have students
explore a variety
of perspectives on
an issue.
Connect with
schools and
students in other
countries using
technology.
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Working with Families and Communities
Reach out to parents:
do not expect them to
always come to you.
Develop a range of
strategies that are
congruent with the
home cultures of
students.
Learn and know the
religious, economic,
ethnic, linguistic, and
racial cultures and
history of the
community.
Invite the community
and parents to be
resources in the
classroom and
curriculum.
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