Unit 1, Lesson 2- Spheres of the earth • The Earth’s features are grouped into spheres • Biosphere- the zone of life on the earth that includes all living things; plants, fungi, and animals are all parts of the earth´s biosphere

Hyrdosphere • the liquid layer of the earth, made up of the earth´s waters; the oceanic parts of the hydrosphere cover about three-fourths of the earth´s surface

Lithosphere • the rocky outer layer of the solid earth, averaging about 100 km in depth; the lithosphere includes the continents, islands, and the entire ocean floor

atmosphere • the gaseous layer surrounding the earth, made up of the mixture of substances known as air; the earth´s atmosphere is made up of many gases, including the oxygen we need to breathe, as well as small liquid and solid particles

magnetosphere • the region in space that is affected by the earth´s magnetic field; solar wind and other particles in space are deflected by the earth´s magnetosphere

Unit 1 Lesson 3- Mapping the earth • • • Cartographer- person who makes maps Map Projection- a way to transfer information from a three dimensional curved surface to a two-dimensional medium, such as paper or a computer screen Map Legend-a section of a map that explains the meanings of symbols and that may contain the map scale; symbols for airports, recreation areas, campsites, and other areas of interest may appear in a map legend • Latitude-a distance in degrees north and south of the equator

Unit 1 Lesson 3 continued • • • • Longitude a particular distance east or west of the prime meridian running through Greenwich, England, measured as an angle at the earth´s center and expressed in degrees; lines of longitude meet at the poles

Prime Meridian-

the imaginary vertical line, running north to south, from which longitude is measured; the prime meridian runs right through England

Unit 1 Lesson 4- Mapping the Earth’s Physical features • • • Topography-shows physical features of an area of land and elevations Contour Lines- on a map, the line connecting points having the same elevations above sea level;contour lines that are spaced close together on a map show an area with a steep slope Contour interval-the difference in elevation between contour lines;a contour interval of 10 meters indicates that the contour lines on the map show 10-meter differences in elevation

Unit 1 lesson 5-weathering • • • Weathering-the breakdown of rocks by physical or chemical processes; weathering causes the rocks on a cliff to wear away • • There are 2 main types of weathering-

-Mechanical -Chemical

Unit 1 lesson 5-weathering •

Mechanical Weathering-

• the breaking up of rocks by physical forces; mechanical weathering occurs when water expands as it freezes in the crack of a rock, expanding the crack and breaking the rock apart

Unit 1 lesson 5-weathering •

Chemical Weathering-

• the breaking up of rocks by chemical reactions; natural acids dissolved in rainwater are important agents of chemical weathering of rocks

Unit 1 Lesson 6-erosion •

Erosion-

• the gradual removal of the surface of the land by water, wind, or glaciers

• Does fast-moving water or slow-moving water cause more erosion? Why? Raise your hand if you want to explain it to us!

• • Meanders- bends and curves in a river -Meanders become more curved over time because fast moving water on the outside edges cause erosion -Along the inner edges, water moves more slowly Deposition- the process in which rock and soil particles move from water, wind, or ice onto the land Mass Wasting- the downhill movement of rock and soil; also known as mass movement

•

How is erosion different from weathering? Who wants to explain it to us?

•

Weathering is the process in which rock is broken down into smaller pieces!

•

Erosion is the process in which rock and soil pieces are moved over the land by water, wind, ice, or other mechanisms!

Unit 1-Lesson 7- Soils of the Earth (K12 notes) • • Over time, rocks are weathered and broken down into tiny pieces, that form SOIL Soil contains water, air, dead and living organisms

Soil Formation-

1) Organisms like lichen (crusty patches from algae and fungus growing together-Eww!) form on rock surfaces 2) Acids start weathering the rock’s surface 3) Plants grow on the weathering rock 4) The plants die and their remains mix with the rock sediments 5) Soil is formed!!

Unit 1-Lesson 7-Soils of the Earth (K12 notes) • Scientists classify types of soil by what they contain and how they are formed!

• There are 3 common types of soil- what are they? • (Hint!)

Unit 1, Lesson 7-Soils of the Earth (K12 notes) Porosity- how much water soil can hold in the empty spaces between grains Permeability- the rate at which water passes through material

Unit 1,Lesson 7- Soils of the Earth (K12 Notes) Loam- type of soil that has equal parts of sand, silt, and clay. It is the perfect soil for growing plants!!

Unit 1, Lesson 8-Soil Profiles (K12 notes) • Which soil is young (immature) and which soil is older (mature)?

A) B)

Unit 1, Lesson 8-Soil Profiles (K12 notes) Organic- means living or once living!

Can you name what organic materials are in soil ? Type them in the chat box!!!

Unit 1, Lesson 8-Soil Profiles (K12 notes) Soil Profile- cross-section of the layers of soil above bedrock Horizon- each soil layer Leaching- water carries nutrients down from one layer of soil to another

Extra Resources Watch this Bill Nye (the Science guy) Video about Soil!

www.thehappyscientist.com

user name- LVS Password-LVS http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=BpXR-z47G8o Weathering and Erosion http://thehappyscientist.com/scie nce-video/weathering-and erosion