Transcript Ideologies of sustainable development, sustainable tourism

Ideologies of sustainable
development, sustainable tourism
and eco-tourism
“Development which meets the needs of
the present without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their
own needs.”
Gro Harlem Brundtland (1987)
Ideologies of sustainable
development and eco-tourism
“Sustainable tourism is a ‘positive approach
intended to reduce the tension and frictions
created by the complex interactions between
the tourist industry, visitors, the
environment and communities which are
host to holidaymakers.”
Bramwell et al 1996; Butler 1990; Wheeller 1991
Ideologies of sustainable
development and eco-tourism
“Eco-tourism is responsible travel to natural
areas that conserves the environment and
improves the well-being of local people.”
The Ecotourism Society 1991
Ideologies of sustainable
development and eco-tourism
“Eco-tourism is travel to fragile, pristine and
usually protected areas to be low and
(usually) small scale. It helps educate the
traveler; provides funds for conservation;
directly benefits the economic development
and political empowerment of local
communities; and fosters respect for
different cultures and for human rights.”
Martha Honey
Ideologies of sustainable
development and eco-tourism
Cater
“…the environment, which, if not
adequately safeguarded, will
compromise…tourism. Tourists, present and
future, will be denied the opportunity of
visiting and experiencing environments
different to those at home.”
Ideologies of sustainable
development and eco-tourism
Cater
“A completely sustainable outcome is likely
to remain more of an ideal than reality.”
The Win-Win Scenario
“…sustainable eco-tourism development
might be defined by the people themselves;
they need to be both architects and
engineers of the concept.
Cater’s Win-Win ideologies
Ideologies of sustainable
development and eco-tourism
Prosser
“Tourism is the new world religion.”
“Tourism is in essence a fashion industry.”
The ‘product cycle’, adapted from Butler’s
original formulation (1980).
The ‘pleasure periphery’ extends…
Doxey’s index of tourist irritation model
Butler´s resort life cycle
Ideologies of sustainable
development and eco-tourism
Prosser
“…the ultimate protectors [of eco-systems]
must be the local human communities…”
“The first step towards [preservation of ecosystems] is education.”
“A crucial issue for eco-tourism is to control
any development within the adaptation
thresholds of the local environment.”
Prosser´s tourist types
Ideologies of sustainable
development and eco-tourism
Shaw and Williams
“Tourism and environment is fundamental,
with a strong element of mutual
dependency.”
“In essence there are two broad
considerations that help unravel the
complexities of tourism-environmental
impacts, these being: the type of tourism;
and the characteristics of the environment.”
Ideologies of sustainable
development and eco-tourism
Sustainable tourism versus mass tourist is:
1. Polar opposite concepts;
2. Continuum concepts;
3. Movement position; and
4. Convergence
Knowles, Diamantis & El-Mourhabi (pg. 125)
Ideologies of sustainable
development and eco-tourism
“Mass tourism need not be uncontrolled,
unplanned, short-term, or unstable.”
“It has yet to be proven that all examples of
mass tourism are unsustainable” and that
such unproven assumptions “have led
researchers away from the difficult but much
more important task of resolving how mass
tourism can be made more sustainable.”
Butler 1992