Transcript Chapter 7 Body Systems
Chapter 4 The Human Body
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Learning Objectives
Define:
Torso
Anterior
Posterior
Medial
Lateral
Bilateral
Proximal
Plantar
Palmar
Distal
Midline
Midaxillary
Midclavicular
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Learning Objectives
Describe the anatomy and function of the following major body systems: Respiratory Circulatory Musculoskeletal Nervous Endocrine Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 3
Introduction
Anatomy
Study of body structure, function Body parts
Physiology
Study of processes Activities of living organism Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 4
Anatomic Terms
Normal anatomic position Body position Superior Inferior Midline Midaxillary Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 5
Anatomic Terms
Normal anatomic position Anterior/ventral Posterior/dorsal Lateral Bilateral Medial Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 6
Anatomic Terms
Normal anatomic position Midclavicular Proximal Distal Palmar surface Plantar surface Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 7
Anatomic Terms
Normal anatomic position Central Peripheral Arm Leg Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 8
Anatomic Terms
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Anatomic Terms
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Anatomic Terms
Terms relating to position, movement Erect Prone Lateral recumbent Left lateral recumbent Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 11
Anatomic Terms
Terms relating to position & movement Abduction Adduction Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 12
Anatomic Terms
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Anatomic Terms
Terms relating to position & movement Flexion Extension Hyperextension Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 14
Anatomic Terms
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Anatomic Terms
Terms relating to position & movement Medial rotation Lateral rotation Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 16
Body Systems
Cell
Fundamental unit of all living things
Tissue
Specialized cells grouped together Muscle Nerve Epithelial Connective Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 17
Body Systems
Organ Several tissue types Organ system (body system) Group of organs Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 18
Body Systems
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Body Systems
Skeletal system Provides structure, support Protects organs Allows movement Connective tissue • • • • Bones Cartilage Ligaments Tendons Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 20
Body Systems
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Body Systems
Skeletal system Skull • • Cranium, face bones Protects brain tissue, central nervous system (CNS) Facial bones • • • Front Zygomas Mandible Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 22
Body Systems
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Body Systems
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Body Systems
Skeletal system Spinal column • Vertebrae Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral Coccygeal Spinal canal Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 25
Body Systems
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Body Systems
Skeletal system Thoracic cavity • Rib cage Surrounds, provides ventilation structure, protects organs • Sternum Upper manubrium, middle body, lower xiphoid process • Clavicles Lie over anterior upper ribs, extend from sternum to shoulders 27 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company
Body Systems
Skeletal system Thoracic cavity • Scapulae Lie over upper posterior ribs, attach to clavicles, humerus • • Form shoulder Acromion Tip of shoulder Diaphragm Dome-shaped muscle, forms base of cavity Inspiration - contracts Expiration - rises Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 28
Body Systems
Skeletal system Thoracic cavity • • • • Heart Lungs Great vessels Esophagus Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 29
Body Systems
Skeletal system Thoracic cavity • Subdivided into: Mediastinum Pleural space Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 30
Body Systems
Skeletal system Abdominopelvic cavity • • From diaphragm to pelvic cavity Protected by: Spine (posteriorly) Muscles (anteriorly and laterally) Lower ribs (superiorly) Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 31
Body Systems
Skeletal system Abdominopelvic cavity • Abdominal cavity Stomach Small & large intestines Liver Gallbladder Pancreas Kidneys Ureters Spleen Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 32
Body Systems
Skeletal system Abdominopelvic cavity • Pelvic cavity Pelvic girdle formed by sacral section of spinal column, ilium, ischium, pubis Pelvic girdle protects lower intestine, rectum, urinary bladder, female reproductive organs Iliac crest Symphysis pubis Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 33
Body Systems
Skeletal system Abdominopelvic cavity • Abdominal quadrants Division to describe location of pain, tenderness, physical findings Right upper, left upper, right lower, left lower Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 34
Body Systems
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Body Systems
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Body Systems
Skeletal system Upper extremities • • • • • • Shoulder Arm Forearm Elbow Wrist Hand Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 37
Body Systems
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Body Systems
Skeletal system Lower extremities • • • • • • Thigh Hips Lower leg Knee Ankle Foot Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 39
Body Systems
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Body Systems
Skeletal system Joints • • • • • • Ball and socket Hinge Pivot Gliding Saddle Condyloid Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 41
Body Systems
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Body Systems
Muscular system Tissue can contract Gives the body shape Protects internal organs Voluntary Involuntary Cardiac Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 43
Body Systems
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Body Systems
Respiratory system Upper airway • • • • • • Mouth Nose Pharynx Larynx Epiglottis Trachea Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 45
Body Systems
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Body Systems
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Body Systems
Respiratory system Lower airway Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Lungs Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 48
Body Systems
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Body Systems
Respiratory system
Muscles of respiration Chest movement allows air exchange Diaphragm Inhalation Exhalation Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 50
Body Systems
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Body Systems
Respiratory system Accessory muscles of respiration • • • • Strenuous exercise Inspiration Expiration Respiratory distress Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 52
Body Systems
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Body Systems
Respiratory system Physiology of respiration • • Tidal volume Respiratory rate Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 54
Body Systems
Respiratory system Nervous system regulation • “Thermostat” that monitors respiratory function Brain, peripheral nerves • • • • • Automatic control Voluntary control As breathing increases, more O 2 enters & CO 2 expelled As breathing decreases, CO 2 levels increase Metabolism 55 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company
Body Systems
Respiratory system Alveolocapillary cellular exchange • Diffusion Molecules move from area of higher concentration to area of lower concentration Movement of O 2 & CO 2 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 56
Body Systems
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Body Systems
Respiratory system Adequate vs. inadequate breathing • • • • • Assess rate, rhythm, quality, depth Rate varies with age Rhythm should be regular Quality (breath sounds, chest rise, effort) Additional signs: – Skin color – Retractions, nasal flaring – Increased muscular effort – Irregular, inadequate, agonal effort Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 58
Body Systems
Respiratory system Adequate vs. inadequate breathing • Infants & children Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 59
Body Systems
Circulatory system Body transport system Examination priority Proper functioning depends on: • • • Heart Blood vessels Blood Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 60
Body Systems
Circulatory system Heart • • • • Muscular pump Positioned in mediastinum Pericardium Layers of heart Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 61
Body Systems
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Body Systems
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Body Systems
Circulatory system Heart chambers • • Right/left atria receive blood from lungs/body Right/left ventricles pump oxygenated blood to body • Septum Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 64
Body Systems
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Body Systems
Circulatory system Pulmonary circulation - Right ventricle • Pumps blood through lungs, receives O 2 , releases CO 2 for exhalation and then delivers O 2 to left atrium Systemic circulation - Left ventricle • Delivers oxygen-rich blood to body, picks up CO 2 , metabolism waste products and delivers to right atrium Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 66
Body Systems
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Body Systems
Circulatory system Valves, one-way flow, closure • • Systole - ventricles contract Diastole - ventricles relax Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 68
Body Systems
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Body Systems
Circulatory system Blood vessels • • • • • • Branching network Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Veins Major veins Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 70
Body Systems
Circulatory system Blood vessels • Arteries Direct blood flow away from heart 3 layers – Smooth inner lining (endothelium) – Elastic middle layer – Thick outer layer Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 71
Body Systems
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Body Systems
Circulatory system Blood vessels • Major arteries Pulmonary artery Aorta Coronary arteries Arteries to head, upper extremity Arteries to thorax, abdomen, lower extremities Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 73
Body Systems
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Body Systems
Circulatory aystem Blood vessels • Arterioles Terminal branches of arteries Muscle tone regulates amount of blood available Vasoconstriction decreases inner diameter Vasodilation increases inner diameter Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 75
Body Systems
Circulatory system Blood vessels • Capillaries Walls one-cell thick Diffuse oxygen, waste Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 76
Body Systems
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Body Systems
Circulatory system Blood vessels • • Veins Venous reservoir Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 78
Body Systems
Circulatory system Blood vessels • Major veins Pulmonary Superior vena cava Inferior vena cava Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 79
Body Systems
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Body Systems
Circulatory system Blood • • • • • Average adult: 5 to 6 L Plasma Red blood cells White blood cells Platelets Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 81
Body Systems
Circulatory system Blood • • Red blood cells (RBC) Hemoglobin (large protein) binds with O 2 Hemoglobin • 98% O 2 bound to hemoglobin; 2% in plasma Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 82
Body Systems
Circulatory system Blood • White blood cells Combat infecting organisms, foreign materials • • • • Platelets Circulating cell fragments responsible for clotting Combine with proteins to form thrombus Clotting process (thrombosis) takes 5 to 6 minutes Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 83
Body Systems
Circulatory system Blood pressure • • • Force exerted by blood volume on vessel walls Systole Diastole Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 84
Body Systems
Circulatory system Perfusion • Flow matched to energy requirements organ by organ, O 2 needs Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 85
Body Systems
Circulatory system Perfusion • Shock Inadequate perfusion and tissue oxygenation Signs/symptoms: – Weak, poor muscular activity – Cyanosis – Rapid, weak pulse – Clammy, cool skin – Rapid, shallow breathing – Restless, anxious – Altered mental state – Decreasing blood pressure Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 86
Body Systems
Nervous system Brain viability Brain dysfunction = cardiopulmonary failure, death Controlling body organ Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 87
Body Systems
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Body Systems
Nervous system Central nervous system • Receives information about external environment and internal body function • Organizes, analyzes, formulates response to direct activities of organs, muscles, tissues • Composed of brain, brainstem, spinal cord Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 89
Body Systems
Nervous system Central nervous system • Brain Processes sensory input Receptors in ear, special nerve pathways relay input for balance, equilibrium Receives input about O 2 and CO 2 circulatory, nutritional status content, Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 90
Body Systems
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Body Systems
Nervous system Central nervous system • Cerebrum Largest, most superior portion • • Divided into right/left hemispheres Brainstem Lower part of brain Monitors and directs respiratory, circulatory functions Cerebellum Posterior to brainstem Coordinates movement, balance 92 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company
Body Systems
Nervous system Central nervous system • Spinal cord – Emerges from brainstem – Has its own processing centers – Reflex arcs Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 93
Body Systems
Nervous system Central nervous system • Voluntary Connects CNS with sensory nerves that receive information from the skin and senses (sight, hearing, smell, taste, pain) Motor nerves carry information to body, direct conscious actions Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 94
Body Systems
Nervous system Central nervous system • Involuntary/autonomic Controls vital body functions Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 95
Body Systems
Nervous system Central nervous system • • Parasympathetic Sympathetic “Fight or flight” response Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 96
Body Systems
Nervous System Peripheral nervous system • • • • Nerves outside central nervous system Extends from brainstem, spinal cord Carries messages to spinal cord, brain Carries messages back to muscles, various organs via motor nerves Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 97
Body Systems
Integumentary system Epidermis • • • • • • • Outermost layer Nonvascular Impermeable Prevents fluid loss from cells beneath Superficial layer - dead tissue Keratin Melanin Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 98
Body Systems
Integumentary system Dermis • Dense connective tissue that contains nerves, blood vessels, sweat glands, hair follicles • • • Skin strength Sweat glands Excessive loss of structure requires grafting Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 99
Body Systems
Integumentary system Mucous membranes • Skin within body orifice changes character Subcutaneous tissues • Fat layer and connective tissue beneath skin Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 100
Body Systems
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Body Systems
Endocrine system/glands Endocrine system • • • Regulatory system Secretes hormones Major hormones Epinephrine Insulin Growth hormone Thyroxine Testosterone Estrogen Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 102
Body Systems
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Body Systems
Digestive system All nutritional intake, except oxygen Food processed mechanically and chemically Water, nutrients absorbed Saliva begins chemical process Food moves from oropharynx to esophagus Chyme Liver excretes bile Gallbladder stores bile Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 104
Body Systems
Digestive system Small intestine • • Duodenum, jejunum, ileum Liver, filters blood and assists with storage, breakdown, synthesis of protein, fat, carbohydrates Large intestine • Cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 105
Body Systems
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Body Systems
Urinary system Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra Filters blood and excretes excess water, waste Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 107
Body Systems
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Body Systems
Lymphatic system Lymph nodes Tonsils Spleen Thymus gland Lymph vessels transport fluid from tissues Blood vessels transport fluid out Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 109
Body Systems
Reproductive system Female • • • Ovaries Uterus Vagina Male • • • • Testes Vas deferens Prostate Penis Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 110
Body Systems
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Body Systems
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Understanding Relevance of Anatomy & Physiology
Vital organ systems Nervous Respiratory Circulatory • • Intimately interrelated Failure leads to death Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 113
Understanding Relevance of Anatomy & Physiology
Oxygen deprivation Breathing stops Brain function stops • • Clinical death Biological death Death slowed Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 114
Sudden & Unexpected Death
Most common causes Cardiovascular disease Cerebrovascular disease Accidental injuries Understand conditions leading to death Priorities Rapid delivery Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 115
Define:
Torso
Anterior
Posterior
Medial
Lateral
Bilateral
Summary
Proximal
Plantar
Palmar
Distal
Midline
Midaxillary
Midclavicular
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Summary
Define:
Supine
Prone
Lateral recumbent
Define:
Abduction
Adduction
Flexion
Extension
Medial rotation
Lateral rotation
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Summary
Skeletal system gives body structure, support, protects vital organs, allows body movement Bones, cartilage, ligaments are connective tissue Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 118
Summary
206 bones in body Major bones: Skull Spinal column Thorax Pelvis Upper extremities Lower extremities Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 119
Joints: Ball-and-socket Hinge
Summary
Muscles: Voluntary/skeletal Involuntary/smooth Cardiac Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 120
Summary
Respiration brings oxygen in, waste product/ CO 2 out Respiratory system comprised of: Nose Epiglottis Mouth Trachea Nasopharynx Bronchi Oropharynx Bronchioles Larynx Alveoli Lungs 121 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company
Summary
Diaphragm, chest, & intercostal muscles expand thoracic cavity for inhalation Relaxation of diaphragm, intercostals for exhalation The exchange of O 2 and CO 2 occurring at level of alveoli and capillaries is diffusion Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 122
Summary
Accessory muscles increase respiratory volumes to accommodate strenuous disease, trauma Adequate breathing characteristics: Breath sounds equal Regular rhythm Chest expansion Normal respiratory rates 123 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company
Summary
Inadequate breathing characteristics: Breath sounds diminished/absent Irregular rhythm Chest expansion shallow/nonexistent Respiratory rates outside normal range Skin cool/cyanotic Retractions, nasal flaring Agonal respirations Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 124
Summary
Circulatory system transports: Oxygen Nutrients Waste products Specialized cells that repair injured tissues, combat foreign bacteria, and control bleeding Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 125
Summary
Circulatory system Heart Blood • • • • Plasma Red blood cells White blood cells Platelets Blood vessels Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 126
Summary
Major arteries include: Aorta Pulmonary Carotid Coronary Femoral Radial Brachial Posterior tibia Dorsalis pedis Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 127
Summary
Major veins: Pulmonary and vena cavae Voluntary functions Muscular movement Involuntary functions Heart rate Controlled by nervous system Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 128
Summary
Nervous system: Central, peripheral nervous systems controlling brain/spinal cord & sensory/motor nerves Reflex arch in spinal cord mediates reflexes, automatic muscular movements Skin layers: Dermis, epidermis, subcutaneous tissue 129 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company
Questions?
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