Transcript 7.antibiotik - WordPress.com

Mikhania C.E., S.Farm, M.Si, Apt
1928
Penisilin
(Alexander
Flemming) 
stabilitas buruk
1940
Garam Penisilin
(Chain dkk.) 
stabilitas baik
1944
Streptomisin
(Selman
Waksman)
- Basitrasin
- Kloramfenikol
- Neomisin
- Kanamisin
dsb
 Antibiotik
adalah golongan senyawa baik
alami maupun sintetik yg memiliki efek
menekan atau menghentikan suatu
proses biokimia di dalam organisme
khususnya bakteri
 Antibiotik
dapat berasal dari mahkluk
hidup atau sintesis
Berdasar mekanisme kerjanya antibiotik dibagi
menjadi :
1. Inhibitor metabolisme sel : golongan
sulfonamida
2. Inhibitor sintesis dinding sel : betalaktam
(penisilin), karbapenem
3. Perusak dinding sel : polimiksin
4. Perusak sintesis protein : golongan
aminoglikosida (gentamisin, neomisin, dsb)
5. Inhibitor sintesis protein : tetrasiklin,
doksisiklin
6. Pengganggu metabolisme asam nukleat :
ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, dsb
Berdasar spektrum kerjanya antibiotik dibagi menjadi :
•
Spektrum sempit  bekerja pada 1 jenis bakteri atau
golongan bakteri saja. Contoh : INH aktif terhadap
mikrobakteri
•
Spektrum sedang  efektif terhadap bakteri gram
positif dan sebagian gram negatif. Misal : ampisilin
•
Spektrum luas  efektif terhadap bakteri secara luas.
Misal : kloramfenikol, tetrasiklin
 Bentuk
: hablur atau serbuk
 Warna : putih kecuali tetrasiklin (kuning),
basitrasin, tirotrisin (putih abu-abu)
 Rasa : tidak berasa kecuali kloramfenikol,
oksitetrasiklin, karbomisin (pahit)
 Bau : tidak berbau kecuali golongan
penisilin (bau bawang)
 Bersifat asam : klortetrasiklin, penisilin
 Bersifat basa : streptomisin
 Reaksi
warna dan pengendapan
 Pengamatan
 Melting
bentuk kristal
point
 Spektrofotometri
 Kromatografi
 IR
 KLT

Pemerian : A white, greyish-white or yellowish-white, fine,
crystalline powder or fine crystals, needles or elongated
plates

Kelarutan : slightly soluble in water, freely soluble in alcohol
and in propylene glycol

Zat + NaOH dipanaskan terbentuk warna kuning

Zat + pereaksi Cuprifil dipanaskan  endapan warna merah bata

Zat + KMnO4 + NaOH terbentuk warna hijau lama-lama coklat

Zat + piridin + KOH (padat) dipanaskan terbentuk warna merah
coklat

Zat + H2SO4 pekat terbentuk warna kuning muda
Reaksi Kristal

Sampel + aseton + air
A.
B.
C.
D.
Melting point : 149 °C to 153 °C.
Examine by infrared absorption spectrophotometry,
comparing
with
the
spectrum
obtained
with
chloramphenicol CRS.
Examine the chromatograms obtained in the test for
related substances. The principal spot in the
chromatogram obtained with 1 μl of the test solution is
similar in position and size to the principal spot in the
chromatogram obtained with reference solution (a).
Dissolve about 10 mg in 1 ml of alcohol (50 per cent V/V) R,
add 3 ml of a 10 g/l solution of calcium chloride R and 50
mg of zinc powder R and heat on a water-bath for 10 min.
Filter the hot solution and allow to cool. Add 0.1 ml of
benzoyl chloride R and shake for 1 min. Add 0.5 ml of ferric
chloride solution R1 and 2 ml of chloroform R and shake.
The aqueous layer is coloured light violet-red to purple.
Pemerian :Yellow, crystalline powder
Kelarutan : Very slightly soluble in water, soluble
in ethanol (96 per cent) and in methanol,
sparingly soluble in acetone. It dissolves in dilute
acid and alkaline solutions.
 Substance produced by certain strains of
Streptomyces aerofaciens or obtained by any
other means.


Reaksi Penegasan

Zat + H2SO4 pekat terbentuk warna merah ungu (anggur), kemudian diencerkan terbentuk
warna kuning

Zat + FeCl3 terbentuk warna coklat merah

Zat + HNO3 pekat terbentuk warna jingga kuning

Zat + Aqua brom terbentuk endapan kuning

Zat + Pereaksi Nessler terbentuk warna hitam dengan segera

Zat + Pereaksi Marquis terbentuk warna merah anggur
Reaksi Kristal

Sampel + aseton + air
A.
KLT  fase diam : oktadesil silica gel F254 , fase gerak : Mix 20 volumes of
acetonitrile R , 20 volumes of methanol R and 60 volumes of a 63 g/l solution of
oxalic acid R previously adjusted to pH 2 with concentrated ammonia R, deteksi
di UV 254 nm
B.
To about 2 mg add 5 ml of sulphuric acid R . A violet-red colour develops. Add
the solution to 2.5 ml of water R . The colour becomes yellow.
C.
Dissolve about 10 mg in a mixture of 1 ml of dilute nitric acid R and 5 ml of
water R . Shake and add 1 ml of silver nitrate solution R2 . Any opalescence in
the solution is not more intense than that in a mixture of 1 ml of dilute nitric
acid R , 5 ml of water R and 1 ml of silver nitrate solution R2 .
 Pemerian
: A white or almost white
powder, hygroscopic
 Kelarutan
:very soluble in water,
practically insoluble in ethanol.
 Diproduksi dari Streptomyces griseus
Reaksi Pendahuluan

Kelarutan : periksa kelarutan zat sesuai monografi

Zat dilarutkan dalam metanol + H2SO4 terbentuk  endapan
Reaksi Penegasan

Zat + H2SO4 terbentuk warna coklat merah

Zat + pereaksi Nessler terbentuk endapan hitam atau abu-abu hitam

Zat + pereaksi Roux terbentuk warna merah coklat yang akan cepat
hilang

Zat + pereaksi Frohde terbentuk warna hijau tetapi agak lama
A.
TLC
B.
Dissolve 5 mg to 10 mg in 4 ml of water R and add 1 ml of 1 M sodium hydroxide .
Heat in a water-bath for 4 min. Add a slight excess of dilute hydrochloric acid R
and 0.1 ml of ferric chloride solution R1 . A violet colour develops.
C.
Dissolve 0.1 g in 2 ml of water R , add 1 ml of a-naphthol solution R and 2 ml of a
mixture of equal volumes of strong sodium hypochlorite solution R and water R. A
red colour develops.
D.
Dissolve about 10 mg in 5 ml of water R and add 1 ml of 1 M hydrochloric acid .
Heat in a water-bath for 2 min. Add 2 ml of a 5 g/l solution of a-naphthol R in 1 M
sodium hydroxide and heat in a water-bath for 1 min. A faint yellow colour
develops.