Transcript An Overview on Biofuels

Overview of Biofuel
Technologies for Indonesia
Tatang H. Soerawidjaja
Head of Center for Research on Sustainable Energy, Institut
Teknologi Bandung, and Chairman of Indonesian Biodiesel Forum
[email protected], [email protected]
EAS Asia Biomass Seminar – Indonesia 1st Follow-up Workshop
“Biofuel Promotion in Indonesia of Sustainable Development”
Hotel Nikko, Jakarta, 17 – 18 March 2008
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What and How important ?.
• Biofuel  fuel made/derived from biomass.
Biofuel is part of Bioenergy (includes biomass-based
electricity).
• Among all renewable energy resources, biomass
is the only resource that can be converted in a
relatively direct way into fuels (to substitute
petroleum fuels).
Recall : Transportation sector is heavily dependent on
fuel !.
 Unique position of biofuel (compared to other
renewable energy sources).
2
Biofuel Industry
• A relatively new and, thus, infant industry.
• One of the mainstream development in the
energy sector of the whole world.  An industry
with a (bright) future.
 It is not an option of energy development !. It is
a must; there is no other choice.
ALSO :
• South-East Asia, in particular Indonesia, has a
large potential to become one of the world
biofuel center. [South-East Asia + Brazil  “the
Middle-East” of biofuels !.]
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But….
• Most economists (and economy ministers) still
consider biofuel development as just an option in
country’s (energy) development !.
and thus….
 Interdisciplinary brainstormings involving
technologists, economists, and environmentalists
are needed !.
 The question is not “should we develop domestic
biofuel industry?” but rather “how should we
nurture and develop a strong and sustainable
domestic biofuel industry?”.
4
Main reason for developing/utilizing
biofuels
Developed countries :
• Greenhouse (CO2) gas emission abatement.
Developing countries :
• Energy security
• Improving balance of payment.
• Jobs creation.
• Poverty alleviation.
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For developing countries :
• Domestic market/utilization is more important than
export.
• Local electricity generation and household cooking are
also important usage of biofuels.
• Continued participation of small scale farmers in medium
or large scale biofuel production should be ensured.
• Leaving biofuel development solely to the private sector
(B to B) will not match their environmental and social
potential.
• Biofuel industry structure and development scenario
should be carefully designed through involvement of all
stakeholders.
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In the case of biofuels for transportation, biodiesel and bioethanol, the
critical task of the government is to provide the infant biofuel industry
with a stable initial market !.
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Counterpart biofuels of petroleum fuels
Petroleum fuel
Petroleum diesel fuels
Gasoline
Kerosene
¶
Counterpart biofuel
Biodiesel fuels
Bioethanol
- Biogas
- Biokerosene¶
Plant-based (hydrocarbon) oils having combustion/burning
characteristics nearly similar to kerosene.
The biofuels and their technologies will be treated as
in the above order.
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BIODIESEL FUELS
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Biodiesel in the widest scientific notion
• Any diesel engine fuel made from bioresources
(or derived from biomass).
Of course :
 The fuel has to be already made/modified to meet
certain qualities demanded by the engine.
 Or the engine has to be specially adapted for
utilizing the fuel.
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Pure Plant Oil (PPO) or
Straight Vegetable Oil
(SVO)
Primitive or zeroth
generation biodiesel ?
• 1900 : The pioneer, Rudolf
Diesel, showed that his
newly invented engine
could run with peanut oil
as fuel.
However, recall that :
• His engine was stationary,
of low speed (< 300 rpm),
and looked quite difference
from the diesel engine of
our modern days.
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Thus, today ……
• PPO or SVO, i.e. vegetable oils purified from
phosporous (degummed), free fatty acids, and
unsaponifiable matters, is suitable only for nonautomotive, constant load, low- to medium-speed (
1500 rpm) diesel engines that are specially adapted to
use the fuels (e.g. fuel line heating, two-tank system).
• Lister-type diesel engines : special-type of (low to
medium speed) small diesel engines that can operate
PPO/SVO and could be used to run small electric
generator.
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Lister-type diesel engines
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Indonesian tentative quality standard for pure plant oil for nonautomotive, constant load, low- to medium-speed ( 1500 rpm)
diesel engines that are specially adapted to use the fuels
No. Quality parameter
Unit
Limiting value(s)
mg KOH/g
Max. 2.0
1
Acid value
2
Phosphorous content
mg/kg
Max. 10
3
Water & sediment content
%-v/v
Max. 0.075
4
Unsaponifiable matter
%-m/m
Max. 2.0
5
Kinematic viscosity at 50 oC
mm2/s (cSt)
Max. 36
6
Sulfated ash
%-m/m
Max. 0.02
7
Saponification value
mg KOH/g
180 – 265
8
Iodine value
g I2/100 g
Max. 115
9
Flash point (close cup)
oC
Min. 100
10
Carbon residue
%-m/m
Max. 0.4
11
Density at 50 oC
kg/m3
900 – 920
12
Cetane number
-
Min. 39
13
Sulfur content
%-m/m
Max. 0.01
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For small farmer pressing two or more type of oilseeds,
screwpress is actually not suitable. The more appropriate
presses are :
Bielenberg ram press
Hydraulic box press
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Fatty Acids Methyl Ester (FAME) Biodiesel
• Diesel engine fuel consisting of methyl
ester of fatty acids and meets quality
standard of the target market.
 Biodiesel in the current commercial meaning.
 First generation biodiesel.
• Vehicle manufacturers, and most diesel engine
manufacturers, are more willing to support use of
FAME biodiesel. On the other hand, they state that “raw
and, even, refined vegetable oils (i.e. PPO/SVO ) are
not biodiesel and should be avoided”.
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• Main feedstocks : Oils of rapeseed or canola (Europe),
soybean (USA), Palm and coconut (South-East Asia); all
are edible.
• Jatropha curcas is presently the most popular candidate
for non edible feedstock.
• However, according to M.M. Azam, A. Waris, and N.M.
Nahar [Biomass and Bioenergy 29, 293 - 302 (2005)],
the order of potential productivity of non edible oil
plants/crops are : Pongamia pinnata (Indon.: Mabai),
5499 kg/ha/yr; Calophyllum inophyllum (Nyamplung),
4680; Azadirachta indica (nimba), 2670; Jatropha
curcas (Jarak pagar), 2500; Ziziphus mauritiana
(Widara), 1371.
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Potential sources of fatty-oil raw material for biodiesel
in Indonesia
Name
Oilpalm
Coconut
Physic nut
Kapok
Pongam
Rubber seed
Lumbang
Winged bean
Kelor
Kusum
Nyamplung
Corail tree
Latin name
Elais guineensis
Cocos nucifera
Jatropha curcas
Ceiba pentandra
Pongamia pinnata
Hevea brasiliensis
Aleurites trisperma
Psophocarpus tetrag.
Moringa oleifera
Sleichera trijuga
Callophyllum inophyllum
Adenanthera pavonina
Source
Pulp + Kernel
Kernel
Seed kernel
Seed kernel
Seed
Seed
Seed kernel
Seed
Seed
Seed kernel
Seed kernel
Seed kernel
Oil, %-w dry
45-70 + 46-54
60 – 70
40 – 60
24 – 40
27 – 39
40 – 50
50 – 60
15 – 20
30 – 49
55 – 70
40 – 73
14 – 28
E  Edible fat/oil, NE  Non-Edible fat/oil
E / NE
E
E
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
E
E
NE
NE
E
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Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil (HVO)
• For petroleum refining corporations, biodiesel seizes a
portion of market formerly monopolized by them and,
worse, has the attribute of “clean fuel” (in contrast to
their “dirty/polluting” petroleum diesel).
 Network of (multinational) petroleum refining
corporation developed and promote the product and
technology of Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil (HVO) or
Biohydrofined Diesel or Green Diesel. Large minimum
economic size !. ( back into the centralized, giantscale industry era)
• Some automobile manufacturers [who are quite familiar
and thus feel comfortable with these fuels] support the
HVO development and utilization.
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FAME Biodiesel with improved stability
• Hot issue : most FAME biodiesels have weaker oxidative
and thermal stability than petroleum diesel.
• HVO or green diesel, on the other hand, has even better
oxidative and thermal stability than petroleum diesel.
 If not improved, FAME biodiesel will lose in
competition with HVO !.
• Ways to improve :
 adding (more) antioxidant additives, or
 hydrogenating the polyunsaturated fatty acid chains
to, at least, monounsaturated ones (iodine value 
80).
The process has been traditionally applied in
the margarine and shortenings industry.
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Or ………
• Instead of hydrogenating the FAME at the biodiesel
factories, the vegetable oil raw materials themselves
could already be hydrogenated at the production sites.
• Will open the opportunity of commercial utilization of
various relatively high-iodine fatty oils (e.g. oils of
kapok seed, rubber seed, candlenut, banucalag).
• Suitable method : Electrochemical hydrogenation !.
Clean, save (no danger of hydrogen), could be done in
small scale/farm (recall the elctroplating business).
Electricity could be generated on site from available
renewable resources : microhydro, PPO-fueled Listertype diesel generator, or biogas-fueled generator.
• The technology has yet to be developed !.
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Fatty acid compositions (%-w) of some fatty-oils.
Fatty acid
Cotton
Kapok
Sterculia
Soya
bean
Rubber
seed
Candle
nut
Banucalag
Tung oil
2–6
Caprylic
Capric
Lauric
Myristic
0.7 – 3
0 – 0.25
5–8
trace
Palmitic
18 – 45
20 – 24
8 – 11
7 – 12
7 – 11
5.5
9.7
Stearic
1–8
2–5
0–1
2–6
8 – 12
6.7
8.5
Arachidic
0–2
0–1
0–3
0 – 1.3
0 – 0.5
trace
17 – 30
10.5
11.6
4–9
48 – 58
33 – 39
48.5
19.4
8 – 10
6 – 11
21 – 26
28.5
Behenic
Oleic
9 – 32
21 – 22
8–9
0–1
Gadoleic
Malva-/sterculic
Linoleic
20 – 30
1
10 – 15
69 – 73
31 – 52
33 – 58
2–3
0 – 0.5
Linolenic
Eleostearic
trace
50.7
77 – 86
I.V., (g I2/100g)
90-113
86-110
75 – 85
120-140
132-145
136-167
133.1
160-175
S.V, mg KOH/g
180-198
189-197
179-191
190-195
190-195
188-202
190.8
189-195
I.V.  Iodine Value; S.V.  Saponification Value
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Second generation biodiesel
• When people cultivate oil crops, sugar crops, or starch
crops to yield/obtain either food or fuel feedstocks, the
largest single constituent produced is invariably
lignocellulose.
• If oils, sugars, and starches are harvested, the
lignocellulose is left behind as an agricultural residue
and, at best, usually underutilized.
• The most effective beneficiation of bioresources to
produce biofuels would be achieved when we could
utilize the lignocellulose.
• Second generation biofuels is those made from
lignocellulose.
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• The second generation biodiesel is BTL (BTL 
Biomass-To-Liquids) diesel oil : a hydrocarbon diesel
fuel produced from lignocellulosic biomass (oilpalm
empty fruit bunches, bagasse, rice straw, corn stover,
wood, etc.) through gasification plus Fischer-Tropsch
synthesis technologies.
• Has the possibility of commercially applicable at medium
scale capacities and, thus, would complement further the
present biodiesel industry.
• The technology is now under vigorous development
supported by government funding, particularly in the EU
(e.g. Germany).
• The EU biofuel target (10 % biofuel in the fuel mix by
2020) has, among other, the condition that this
technology has become commercially available.
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BIOETHANOL
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• Bioethanol  ethanol made from bioresources.
• Gasohol  blends of dry/absolute bioethanol with
gasoline at alcohol content of up to 22 %-volume.
EX  gasohol with X %-volume of dry bioethanol.
• Gasohol can be utilized directly on gasoline cars
without (significant) engine modification.
• Hydrous fuel ethanol  alcohol content 85 – 95 %vol, the rest is water. For specially adapted gasoline
engine. Only utilized commercially in Brazil.
• ETBE  ethyl tert-buthyl ether  gasoline octane
enhancer; more environmentally friendly than MTBE.
ETBE can be made from bioethanol and isobutene
(component of refinery cracked gas).
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Potential ethanol yields from several raw materials
Alcohol yield
Carbohydrate Harvest yield,
source
ton/ha/yr
Liter/ton Liter/ha/yr
Molasses
3,6
270
973
Cassava
25
180
4500
Sugar cane
75
67
5025
Sweet sorghum
80*)
75
6000
Sago
6,8$
608
4133
Sweet potato
62,5**)
125
7812
Nipa
27
93
2500
*) 2
harvests/year; $ Dry sago starch;
**) 2½ harvests/year.
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First and second generation bioethanol
• First generation bioethanol is made from sugary and/or
starchy resources. Thus, has a potential to compete with
food provision.
• Second generation bioethanol is made from
lignocellulosic resources (oilpalm empty fruit bunches,
bagasse, rice straw, corn stover, wood, etc.). Thus,
would not compete with food provision. The technology
is under vigorous development; probably already
commercial early in the next decade.
• The government of USA, announcing “20 in 10” target
last year (2007), is focusing on the development of 2nd
generation bioethanol technology.
Small scale farmers role in 1st generation bioethanol
• The fermentative technology of making ethanol from
sugary saps and starchy materials has been the
traditional craft of numerous farmers in many parts of
the country for centuries.
• However, preparing and guaranteeing the quality of
fuel grade dry bioethanol will still be not easy and,
therefore, not recommended.
• In the “plasmas and nucleus” business model/scheme,
the plasm farmers could be given the task to produce
intermediate product of  85 %-volume ethanol. The
nucleus unit then purify this to fuel grade dry
bioethanol.
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Potential multipurpose energy crops in Indonesia
• In anticipation of the second generation biofuel technologies
and the increasing demand on bioactive natural products.
• Category 1 : yields foodstuff and, during harvesting,
produces large quantity of biomass residue. E.g. oilpalm,
sugarcane, sweet sorghum, corn, Coix lacryma-jobi (hanjeli).
• Category 2 : yields foodstuff and fast growing (firewood crop
or short-rotation coppice). E.g. Moreinga oleifera (kelor) and
Cajanus cajan (kacang hiris).
• Category 3 : yield nonedible oil and either fast growing or
produces (bioactive) chemical products. E.g. Pongamia
pinnata, Azadirachta indica, Ziziphus mauritiana,
Calophyllum inophyllum. Also, kapok (Ceiba pentandra).
 Need R & D, especially those of categories 2 and 3 !.
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BIOFUELS
for substituting
KEROSENE
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• Kerosene is currently still the main cooking fuel of
most village inhabitants and low income people in the
urban areas of Indonesia.
• Heavily subsidized (at least Rp.5000/liter). Kerosene
subsidy, therefore, comprises a very significant
portion of the total subsidy given to petroleum fuels.
• The government is presently conducting a program to
replace kerosene with LPG. However, even if
succesful, this program will presumably only replace
the use of kerosene for household cooking in
relatively large cities.
• Other kind of convenient fuels are needed to replace
kerosene as cooking fuel in the suburban areas and
relatively remote villages.
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BIOGAS
• Gaseous end product of anaerobic degradation/digestion
of biomass by (a consortium) microbes. The technology
for generating biogas is relatively simple.
• Biogas is an ideal substitute for kerosene as a household
cooking (and lighting) fuel : it gives a hot, clean flame
that does not dirty pots or irritate the eyes.
• The replacement is precisely in accordance with the
instinctive idea of most people : as a person’s welfare
increase, household cooking fuel shift from solid
(fuelwood) to liquid (kerosene) and then to gas (LPG or
city gas).
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• Therefore, promotion of widespread small-scale
generation and utilization of biogas should be a part
of biofuel development program in Indonesia.
• Due to recent large increase in kerosene price,
production and utilization of biogas based on cowdung is presently balooning but, in the last 2 years,
reach only less than 1 % of Indonesian cow farmers.
• There is a need to demonstrate that biogas could also
be produced not only from dung but also from other
bioresources (plant-derived raw materials) such as
oilmeal and tapioca waste.
• Biogas can also be used in engine to generate
electricity and drive machinery or water pumps.
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BIOKEROSENE ?.
• Some plant species produced (hydrocarbon) oils
having combustion/burning characteristics nearly
similar to kerosene.
• Example : cubeb oil from rinu/kemukus/piper
cubeba, oils from fruit-seed of Pittosporum sp.,
gurjun balsam oil (minyak keruing) from
Diphterocarpus sp. (keruing), sindora oil (minyak
sindur) from Sindora sp. The main components of
these oil are terpene hydrocarbons.
• Cubeb and Pittosporum oils seems most attractive to
be explored in the near term.
• Electrochemical hydrogenation would also be an
ideal technique to upgrade the quality (smoke point).
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Last but surely not the least
• What happened in Brazil, USA, and EU has
shown that biofuel development in a country is
very much dependent on the (great) vision of
the top leaders of the government !.
• Hopefully, our government top leaders will
have similar vision.
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THANK YOU VERY MUCH
for your attention
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