Transcript Document

Pemodelan Enterprise
Kridanto Surendro
[email protected]
Laboratorium Sistem Informasi
STEI - ITB
Tujuan
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Transformasi Enterprise berbasis TI
Model Bisnis
Model Proses
Buku
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Bridgeland, DM & Zahavi. R., Business Modeling,
Elsevier, 2009.
Lankhorst, M., Enterprise Architecture at Work,
Springer, 2005
Holt, J., & Perry, S., Modeling Enterprise
Architecture, IET, 2010
BPM CBOK Ver. 2.0
Transformasi
Typical way to go to production
Applications
Design &
Development
Implementation
SDLC
Transformasi
as is
to be
Enterprise Architecture Management
Implementation
Meeting Business Requirements
Business Architecture
IT Architecture
Strategic
Modeling
Models &
Frameworks for
Business Designs
Operational
Modeling
Software Components and
Runtime Applications
Tactical and Financial
Modeling
Repository of IT Assets for Baseline
Management
Models and Frameworks
Implementation
Enterprise Strategy
Business
Strategy
Enterprise
Management
and
Continuous
Improvement
Enterprise
Blueprints
Technology
Strategy
Change
Management
Strategy
Enterprise
Architecture
Strategic
Enterprise Plans
Action
Projects and Operations
Enterprise
Execution
Enterprise
Enterprise Architecture
Enterprise Architecture
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Business architecture: Major business activities, functions, and their
supporting processes. It further translates the business processes into
enterprise business requirements that can be organized into functional
groupings. These requirements are supported by information flows and
package and custom applications.
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Information architecture: Information flows, data entity relationships,
and enabling tools that are dictated by the business processes and
activities from the business architecture.
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Application architecture: Software programs that automate and
support business processes; the functions of the applications; articulates
the platform where the applications reside; details the set of applications
that will support the business in the future; and displays the linkages
between both internal applications and the company’s applications and
those of its vendors, suppliers, and customers.
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Technical architecture: The computing infrastructure (i.e., systems
software, hardware, network) that supports the information and
application architectures.
Software Modeling & Business Modeling
Business Modeling
A business model is a simple representation of the
complex reality of a business.
The primary purpose of a business model is to
communicate something about the business to
other people: employees, customers, partners, or
suppliers.
Business Modeling
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Business Motivation Models
Business Organizations Models
Business Process Models
Business Rule Models
Soft Systems Methodology
systems thinking systems
thinking systems thinking
systems thinking systems
thinking systems thinking
systems theory
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a well-developed body of theoretical ideas - with
many applications:
- systems analysis
- management
A system:
is part of a wider system
has an environment
has components or subsytems
has a boundary
has a purpose?
-engineering
has continuity
has inputs and outputs
has measures of performance
can adapt to external shocks
as a whole is more
than the sum of its parts
hard systems thinking
hard systems approaches (systems analysis
(structured methods), systems engineering,
operations research) assume:
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objective reality of systems in the world
well-defined problem to be solved
technical factors foremost
scientific approach to problem-solving
one correct solution
soft systems thinking
soft systems approaches (Soft Systems
Methodology, soft OR) assume:
 organisational problems are ‘messy’ (Ackoff), poorly defined
 stakeholders interpret problems differently (no objective
reality)
 human factors important
 creative, intuitive approach to problem-solving
 outcomes are learning, better understanding, rather than a
‘solution’
methodology
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in SSADM - rigid techniques and procedures to
provide unambiguous solutions to well-defined
data and processing problems problems, focused
on computer implementations
in SSM - a loose framework of tools to be used at
the discretion of the analyst, focused on
improvements to organisational problems
Basic Shape of SSM
Basic Shape of SSM
The world interpreted by ideas whose source is the world itself
Basic Shape of SSM
The world interpreted by ideas whose source is the world itself
(expanded)
Basic Shape of SSM
The shift in systemicity between systems engineering and SSM
Basic Shape of SSM
Purposeful Holons: Human Activity Systems
SSM
- logic stream
- cultural stream
source: Checkland, SSM in Action
SSM – overview (seven stage model)
situation
1 considered
problematic
2
problem
situation
expressed
7
action to
improve the
problem situation
6
changes:
systemically desirable,
culturally feasible
comparison of
models and
real world
5
real world
3
root definition
of relevant systems
systems thinking
about real world
conceptual models
of systems described
in root definitions 4
source: Checkland: Systems Thinking, Systems Practice
1
soft problems
2
situation
considered
problematic
7
action to
improve the
problem situation
problem
situation
expressed
comparison of
models and
real world
5
6
changes:
systemically desirable,
culturally feasible
real world
3
root definition
of relevant systems
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perceived discomfort
poorly defined ‘mess’ (Ackoff)
human complications
unsuited to hard systems or OR
techniques
systems thinking
about real world
conceptual models
of systems described
in root definitions 4
rich pictures
observation
coffeetime yet?
boundary
crossed swords
=friction
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idea!
iconic representations - drawn together into a
picture which sums up the important elements
of the problem situation
rich picture - example
1
2
situation
considered
problematic
7
action to
improve the
problem situation
problem
situation
expressed
comparison of
models and
real world
5
6
changes:
systemically desirable,
culturally feasible
real world
3
root definition
of relevant systems
systems thinking
about real world
conceptual models
of systems described
in root definitions 4
deriving relevant systems
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relevant systems are conceptual (in-the-mind)
models of parts of the problem that are of
interest
they are models which follow systems
principles to help structure the analyst’s
impression of the problem - not definitive
descriptions of systems in the real world
problems can be represented as they are
perceived by different stakeholders
1
root definitions
2
situation
considered
problematic
7
action to
improve the
problem situation
problem
situation
expressed
comparison of
models and
real world
5
6
changes:
systemically desirable,
culturally feasible
real world
3
root definition
of relevant systems
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systems thinking
about real world
conceptual models
of systems described
in root definitions 4
short textual statements which define the
important elements of the relevant system being
modelled - rather like mission statements
they follow the form:
a system to do X by (means of) Y in order to Z
what the system does - X
how it does it - Y
why it’s being done - Z
root definition examples
primary task (relating to basic tasks and structures)
A university owned and operated system to award degrees and
diplomas to suitably qualified candidates (X), by means of
suitable assessment (Y), (in conformance with national
standards), in order to demonstrate the capabilities of candidates
to potential employers (Z).
issue based (relating to temporary or qualitative concerns, or
concerns of judgment)
A university owned and operated system to implement a quality
service (X), by devising and operating procedures to delight its
customers and control its suppliers (Y), in order to improve its
educational products (Z).
CATWOE analysis
a check to ensure that root
definitions contain most of what
is important
Customers
Actors
Transformation
Weltanschauung
Owners
Environmental
constraints
the victims or beneficiaries of T
those who do T
input
output
the worldview that makes the T
meaningful in context
those with the power to stop T
elements outside the system which
are taken as given, but nevertheless
affect its behaviour
The idea of 'transformation process'
example CATWOE
C
A
T
candidate students
university staff
candidate students
degree holders and diplomates
W
O
E
the belief that awarding degrees and
diplomas is a good way of demonstrating
the qualities of candidates to potential
employers
the University governing body
national educational and assessment
standards
A root definition, CATWOE and pictorial representati
on of a fence-painting system
A root definition, CATWOE and pictorial representati
on of a fence-painting system
A first model from the root definition
A root definition, CATWOE and pictorial representati
on of a fence-painting system
A Final model from the root definition
1
activity (conceptual)
models
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2
situation
considered
problematic
7
action to
improve the
problem situation
problem
situation
expressed
comparison of
models and
real world
5
6
changes:
systemically desirable,
culturally feasible
real world
3
root definition
of relevant systems
systems thinking
about real world
conceptual models
of systems described
in root definitions 4
representation of the minimum set of activities
necessary to ‘do’ the root definition
activities modelled by verbs
activity models - symbols
verb + noun
phrase
A
B
activity - ‘do something’
logical dependency arrow - activity A
must come before B, or if activity A is
done badly - so will B
boundary
study BIT
cook dinner
eat
dinner
example use
take BIT
examination
activity model - example
enrol students
educate
students
award
degrees + diplomas
to students reaching
acceptable levels
design
education
programmes
allot
resources
appreciate
national
standards
design
and carry out
assessment
A university owned and operated system to award degrees and
diplomas to suitably qualified candidates (X), by means of
suitable assessment (Y), (in conformance with national
standards), in order to demonstrate the capabilities of
candidates to potential employers (Z).
measures of performance
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E1 - efficacy (does the system work, is the
transformation effected)?
E2 - efficiency (the relationship between the
output achieved and the resources consumed to
achieve it)
E3 - effectiveness (is the longer term goal (Z)
achieved)
measures of performance - example
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E1 (efficacy) - are degrees and diplomas awarded?
E2 (efficiency) - how many degrees and diplomas, of
what standard, are awarded for the resource
consumed?
E3 (effectiveness) - do employers find the degrees
and diplomas a useful way of assessing the qualities
of potential employees?
the complete conceptual model
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root definition
CATWOE
activity model
measures of performance
the complete model - example
enroll students
design
education
programmes
educate
students
allot
resources
award
degrees + diplomas
to students reaching
acceptable levels
design
and carry out
assessment
A university owned and operated system to award
degrees and diplomas to suitably qualified candidates (X),
by means of suitable assessment (Y), (in conformance with
national standards), in order to demonstrate the
capabilities of candidates to potential employers (Z).
W
take control
action
monitor for
E1, E2, E3
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C
A
T
appreciate
national
standards
O
E
candidate students
university staff
candidate students
degree holders and diplomates
the belief that awarding degrees and
diplomas is a good way of demonstrating
the qualities of candidates to potential
employers
the University governing body
national educational and assessment
standards
E1 (efficacy) - are degrees and diplomas awarded?
E2 (efficiency) - how many degrees and diplomas, of what standard, are awarded for
the resource consumed?
E3 (effectiveness) - do employers find the degrees and diplomas a useful way of
assessing the qualities of potential employees?
levels of resolution
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each activity may be modelled at a higher
level of resolution - in other words a new root
definition is prepared specific to that activity
and a conceptual model built which further
defines the set of (more detailed) activities
necessary to accomplish it.
in this way complex situations with many
activities can be modelled without loosing a
sense of the overall shape of the problem
1
situation
considered
problematic
7
problem
situation
expressed
comparison of
models and
real world
5
comparison with
the real world
2
3
root definition
of relevant systems
activity
1
2
3
is it done in the real situation?
how is it done?
action to
improve the
problem situation
6
changes:
systemically desirable,
culturally feasible
real world
systems thinking
about real world
conceptual models
of systems described
in root definitions 4
comments,
recommendations