Transcript CMOC ? CIMIC? CA? HOC?

Cross-Cultural
Relations Between
Civilian and Military
Organizations
Melinda Hofstetter
Center for Disaster Management
and Humanitarian Assistance
Tulane University
Washington, D.C.
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS DURING
DISASTERS and COMPLEX EMERGENCIES
“The Fog of Relief”
NGO
NGO
UNHCR
Donor
NGO
NGO
NGO
UN Coord
and
Agencies
UNICEF
WFP
UNDP
Donor
NGO
USG
Affected Country
Requirements
Red Cross
Other
Donors
ICRC
NGO
PERCEPTIONS NGOs HAVE
OF
THE MILITARY :
PERCEPTIONS NGOs HAVE OF
MILITARY ACTIONS
•KILL, WOUND AND MAIM NON-COMBATANTS.
•DESTROY HOMES, CROPS, AND LIVESTOCK.
•DESTROY ESSENTIAL CIVIL INFRASTRUCTURE.
•DISPLACE MASSIVE NUMBERS OF NON-COMBATANTS.
•THREATEN OR PERPETRATE RAPE, TORTURE,
GENOCIDE AND OTHER GROSS VIOLATIONS OF
HUMAN RIGHTS.
•LEAVE BEHIND QUANTITIES OF BOMBLETS, OTHER
UXO, MINES, AND DEPLETED URANIUM WHICH
CONTINUE TO KILL AND MAIM NON-COMBATANTS
LONG AFTERTHE CONFLICT HAS ENDED.
S. ARCHER/ 9/2000
PERCEPTIONS NGOs HAVE OF
MILITARY ACTIONS
•MILITARY HAVE GREATER CAPABILITIES IN
SECURITY, LOGISTICS, TRANSPORT, HEAVY
EQUIPMENT, AND COMMUNICATIONS THAN DO
MOST IOs AND/OR NGOs
•ARRIVAL OF EXTERNAL MILITARY UNITS IN A
COMPLEX EMERGENCY RESULTS IN INCREASED
WORLDWIDE MEDIA COVERAGE
•INCREASED MEDIA COVERAGE MEANS
INCREASED VISIBILITY AND INCREASED
FUNDING
S.ARCHER : 9/2000
PERCEPTIONS THE MILITARY
HAVE OF NGOs
PERCEPTIONS THE MILITARY HAS OF
NGO ACTIONS
•WILL NOT TAKE ORDERS FROM MILITARY EVEN IF
THEIR PERSONAL SECURITY IS AT STAKE.
•WILL BE RESISTENT TO THE CHANGES THE
MILITARY’S ARRIVAL BRINGS.
•WILL NOT BE WILLING TO COLLABORATE WITH
THE MILITARY.
•CONSTANTLY ASK MILITARY FOR HELP WHEN
THEY CANNOT COPE ALONE WITH SECURITY,
LOGISTICS, TRANSPORT, COMMUNICATIONS NEEDS.
S. ARCHER 9/2000
CAN YOU TELL THE
DIFFERENCE ?
(AKA: other reasons for “cultural antagonism”)
CAN THEY ?
90328-1-29
SOLDIERS DRESSED LIKE THIS
BRUTALIZED AND KILLED THEIR
FAMILIES, FRIENDS AND NEIGHBORS.
THE FUTURE IS HERE !
“The U.S. military/NGO relationship is a
fundamental trait of our present and the era into
which we are entering.”
THE FUTURE IS HERE !
Both are mission driven.
Both are synergistic.
They shouldn’t be antagonistic.
But attitudes can cause them to be so.
It’s the perception!!!
LTC M.M. Smith, USA
Cooperation: “Unity of Effort”
IO/NGO
Activities
Military
Efforts
NGO Culture Contrasted With
Military Culture
• Independent
• Decentralized
Authority
• On-The-Job Training
• Few Field Manuals
• Long-term
Perspective
• Field Experience
• Highly Disciplined
• Hierarchical
Command
• Extensive Branch
Training
• Doctrinal
Publications
• “End-State”
Approach
• Combat Experience
NGO/IO
MILITARY
C3A
C3I
•COOPERATION
•COORDINATION
•CONSENSUS
• ASSESSMENT
• COMMAND
• CONTROL
• COMMUNICATIONS
• INTELLIGENCE
“Cultural” Problems
– Perceptions
• Lack of Compatible Doctrine
• Lack of Common Interests
– Lack of Communication
– Lack of Prior Joint Experience
NGO Pluses
–
–
–
–
–
Ability to single focus
Synergistic relationship to other NGOs
Experience and size for quick action
Impartiality (often problematic)
Experience in function or region
NGO Challenges
– Synergism is not always automatic to
other NGOs
– Narrow perspective and agenda
– Minimum operational staff
– Fiercely independent
– Need for external support
Military Culture
–
–
–
–
Highly structured and disciplined
Firm chains of command
Extensive specialty training
Policy and guidance are internal
and external
Military Considerations:
–Mission Statement and Guidelines
–Principles of Participants
–Application of Peacekeeping Principles
Military Challenges
– Mandate
– Force Structure
– Rules of Engagement
– National and
International Law
Non-NATO Partners
Russia
Ukraine
UAE
Jordan
Lithuania Sweden
Finland
Austria
Azerbaijan Argentina
Morocco Slovakia
Switzerland Georgia
NATO Partners
United States
UK
Germany
France
Italy
Denmark
Spain
Poland
Greece
Canada
Norway
Hungary
Belgium
Turkey
The Netherlands Portugal
IOs and NGOs
UN
OSCE
EU
UNHCR
ICTY
UNICEF
UNMIK-P IMC
MSF
WFP
OXFAM CARE
IRC
ICRC
KFOR Structure
43,000 Troops in Kosovo
7,000 Troops in FYROM
5,800 U.S Troops
Aid Architecture
United Nations
Security Council
Donor Nations
& Organizations
OCHA
U.N.
Agencies &
Programs
Affected Nation
NGOs
U.N.
Military
IOs
Coordination Tools
–
–
–
–
–
Interpreters
Communications Compatibility
Common Boundaries
Functional Meetings
Co-location of “Headquarters”
CIMIC and CMO
CIMIC = Civil Military Cooperation
CMO = Civil Military Operations
CIMIC/CMO is:
– Cooperation with the local population
– Cooperation with International Agencies
– Cooperation with relief groups/NGOs
CIMIC/CMO is Not:
– Giving up military authority
– Having IO/NGOs in charge at
the tactical level
THE CIVIL DIMENSION ASSUMES A PRIMARY
ROLE IN HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE
OPERATIONS
UN MISSION
CIVIL MILITARY
OPERATIONS
UNHCR
COMMUNITY GROUPS
RELIGIOUS GROUPS
ICRC
CARE
UN WHO
UN CIVPOL
UN WFP
IOM
MSF
• CMO ASSUMES A PRIMARY ROLE FOR PEACE
AND HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE
OPERATIONS.
CIMIC/CMO Tasks
–
–
–
–
–
–
Liaison With Civil Sector
Identification of Resources
Protocol
Information Exchange
Support Interoperability
Unity and Economy of Effort
CIMIC/CMO Tasks
– Foster Dialog
– Ensure policies and operating procedures are
understood (multiple levels)
– Coordinate Requests
– Military support (logistics; security)
– Integrate efforts
– Numerous contributing (competing?) organizations
and groups
A Civil Dimension exists in
all military operations
MILITARY OPERATIONS
PEACE
CIVIL
DIMENSION
WAR
CIVILIAN TASKS AND REQUIREMENTS
USG
MOD
Host
Nation
UN/IOs
NGOs
Religion
Business
Zone of Collaboration/Coordination
Military:
U.S. + ?
UN
NGO
Agencies
IO
PVO
CMOC
US Gov’t
Agencies
ICRC
HN/Local
Populace
Alphabet Soup
POPULATION
FORCE
COMMANDER
CMOC
NONGOVERNMENT
ORGANIZATIONS
INTERNATIONAL
ORGANIZATIONS
CIVILIAN
AUTHORITIES
POLITICAL
MILITARYMILITARY
NATIONAL
CIVILMILITARY
RELATIONS
NATIONAL MILITARIES
PARAMILITARY GROUPS
Information Sharing
• Open Source Information
• Information versus Intelligence
• Methods of acquiring:
–
–
–
–
Is this “collection”?
Analysis
Exchange
Dissemination
CIMIC/CMO Challenges
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–
–
–
–
Clash of cultures; goals; vocabulary
Lack of knowledge about each other
Lack of mutual respect
Lack of comparable doctrine & practice
Asymmetry
– Military has power but is in support
– Civilians “in charge” but not “in control”
Perceptions!!!
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