Cesarean Section Primary
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Transcript Cesarean Section Primary
CESAREAN SECTION
When, Why and How
Matthew Snyder, DO, Maj, USAF, MC
Nellis AFB, NV
OVERVIEW
Indications
Instruments
Procedure
Post-operative management
Post-partum counseling
C/S INDICATIONS - FETAL
Fetal Macrosomia (over 5000g, GDM – 4500g)
Multiple Gestations
Fetal Intolerance to Labor
Malpresentation / Unstable Lie – Breech or
Transverse presentation
C/S INDICATIONS - FETAL
Non-reassuring Fetal Heart Tracing
Repetitive
Variable Decelerations
Repetitive Late Decelerations
Fetal Bradycardia
Fetal Tachycardia
Cord Prolapse
C/S INDICATIONS - MATERNAL
Elective Repeat C/S
Maternal infection (active HSV, HIV)
Cervical Cancer/Obstructive Tumor
Abdominal Cerclage
Contracted Pelvis
Congenital,
Fracture
Medical Conditions
Cardiac,
Pulmonary, Thrombocytopenia
C/S INDICATIONS – MATERNAL/FETAL
Abnormal Placentation
Placenta
previa
Vasa previa
Placental abruption
Conjoined Twins
Perimortem
Failed Induction / Trial of Labor
C/S INDICATIONS – MATERNAL/FETAL
Arrest Disorders
Arrest
of Descent (no change in station after 2
hours, <10 cm dilated)
Arrest
of Dilation (< 1.2 cm/hr nullip; < 1.5 cm/hr
multip)
Failure
of Descent (no change in station after 2
hours, fully dilated)
C/S INDICATIONS – MATERNAL/FETAL
SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS
Uses:
Adson:
Skin
Bonney: Fascia
DeBakey: soft tissue,
bleeders
Russians: uterus
SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS
Uses:
Allis-Adair:
tissue,
uterus
Pennington: tissue,
uterus
These
are suitable
for hemostasis use
SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS
Uses:
Kocher
clamp:
fascia, thicker
tissues
SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS
Uses:
Richardson:
general
retractor
Goelet: subQ
retractor
Fritsch bladder blade
SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS
Uses:
Mayo,
curved: fascia
Metzenbaum, curved:
soft tissue
Bandage scissors: cord
cutting, uterine
extension
CESAREAN SECTION:
INCISION TO UTERUS
Preparation:
Ensure
SCDs applied
Setup bovie and suction
Test pt by pinching on either side of incision and
around navel with Allis clamp
Lap sponge in other hand
CESAREAN SECTION:
INCISION TO UTERUS
Determined by previous mode of delivery/hx and body
habitus – Pfannenstiel most common – 3 cm (2
fingerbreadths) above symphysis
CESAREAN SECTION:
INCISION TO UTERUS
Be cautious of the Superficial Epigastric vessels
CESAREAN SECTION:
INCISION TO UTERUS
Rectus fascia incised in midline and extended bil.
with Mayo scissors/scalpel
Elevate superior and inferior edges of rectus fascia
with Kocher clamps, dissect muscle from fascia at
linea alba.
CESAREAN SECTION:
INCISION TO UTERUS
Separate rectus fascia to enter peritoneum
Bluntly
with finger
Using two hemostats to elevate peritoneum and
incise with Metzenbaum scissors
**Be careful of adhesions!!! – transilluminate at all
times!!!**
CESAREAN SECTION:
UTERINE INCISION TO DELIVERY
Vesicoperitoneum reflexion entered with
Metz and extended bil. for bladder flap
CESAREAN SECTION:
UTERINE INCISION TO DELIVERY
Score lower uterine segment with scalpel and
continue in midline to avoid uterine aa. Extend
bluntly or with bandage scissors.
CESAREAN SECTION:
UTERINE INCISION TO DELIVERY
Once delivering hand inserted, bladder blade
removed
Bring head up to incision by flexing fetal head,
without flexing wrist to avoid uterine incision
extensions
Once infant delivered, collect cord gases if
desired and cord blood sample
Deliver placenta manually or with uterine
massage
CESAREAN SECTION:
UTERINE CLOSURE
If exteriorized, use a
moist lap sponge to
wrap uterus and
retract once placenta
is delivered
Close uterine incision
with locking suture
(usually 0-Vicryl or 1Chromic)
Perform imbricating
stitch
CESAREAN SECTION:
CLOSURE
Examine adnexa, irrigate rectouterine pouch
and/or gutters and re-examine uterine incision
Ensure hemostasis of rectus then close fascia
with non-locking suture to avoid vessel
strangulation
Close subcut. space if over 2 cm, then skin
If needed, clear lower uterine segment and
vagina of clots once skin is closed and dressed
POST-OPERATIVE CARE
Pt. must urinate within four hours of Foley
removal, otherwise replace Foley for another 12
hours
Any fever post-op MUST be investigated
Wind:
Atelectasis, pneumonia
Water: UTI
Walking: DVT, PE, Pelvic thromboembolism
Wounded: Incisional infection, endomyometritis,
septic shock
POST-OPERATIVE CARE
In the first 12-24 hours, the dressing may become
soaked with serosanguinous fluid – if saturated,
replace dressing otherwise no action needed
After Foley is removed (usually within 12 hours postop), encourage ambulation of halls, not just room
Dressing may be removed in 24-48 hours post-op
(attending specific), use maxipad
Ensure pt. is tolerating PO intake, urinating well and
has flatus before discharge
Watch for post-op ileus
DELAYED COMPLICATIONS
Subsequent Pregnancies
Uterine
rupture/dehiscence
Abnormal placental implantation (accreta, etc)
Repeat Cesarean section
Adhesions
Scaring/Keloids
WOUND DEHISCENCE
Noted by separation of wound usually during staple
removal or within 1-2 weeks post-op
Must explore entire wound to determine depth of
dehiscence (open up incision if needed) – if
through rectus fascia, back to the OR
If dehiscence only in subQ layer, debride wound
daily with 1:1 sterile saline/H2O2 mixture and pack
with gauze
May use prophylactic abx – Keflex, Bactrim, Clinda
KEY: Close f/u and wound exploration
POST-PARTUM COUNSELING:
PHARM
Continue PNV
Colace
Motrin 800 mg q8
Percocet 1-2 tabs q4-6 for breakthrough
OCP (start 4-6 wks post-partum)
POST-PARTUM COUNSELING:
ACTIVITY
No lifting objects over baby’s wt.
Continue ambulation
No strenuous activity
NOTHING by vagina (sex, tampons, douches,
bathtubs, hot tubs) for 6 wks!!
POST-PARTUM COUNSELING:
INCISION CARE
Only showers – light washing
If pt has steristrips, should fall off in 7-10 days,
otherwise use warm, wet washcloth to remove
If pt has staples – removal in 3-7 days outpt.
Most attendings will have pt f/u in office in
about 2 wks for wound check
POST-PARTUM COUNSELING:
NOTIFY MD/DO
Fever (100.4)/Chills
HA
Vision changes
RUQ/Epigastric pain
Mastitis sx
Increasing abd. pain
Erythema/Induration/
increasing swelling around
incision
Purulent drainage
Serosanguinous drainage
over half dollar size on pad
Wound separation
Purulent vaginal discharge
Vaginal bleeding over 1
pad/hr or golf ball size clots
Calf tenderness
SUMMARY
Indications
Surgical Technique
Post-operative management
Post-operative Complications
Post-partum counseling
REFERENCES
Cunningham, F., Leveno, Keith, et al. Williams
Obstetrics. 22nd ed., New York, 2005.
Gabbe, Steven, Niebyl, Jennifer, et al.
Obstetrics: Normal and Problem Pregnancies.
4th ed., Nashville, 2001.
Gilstrap III, Larry, Cunningham, F., et al.
Operative Obstetrics. 2nd ed., New York, 2002.
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