Transcript Biogeography of Hawaii

Biogeography of Hawaii
Volcano tops from Ocean Floor
Remote
Colonization Rare
Adaptive Radiation of Founder Species
Diagrams in this lecture are liberally adapted from:
Wagner, W. L. and V. A. Funk. 1995. Hawaiian biogeography: evolution on a
hot spot archipelago. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
1
Origin of Island Archipelago
North America
Meiji
Seamount
Aleutian Islands
Pacific Ocean
Hawaiian Emperor Bend
Kure
Midway
Layann
Necker
Nihoa
Kauai
Oahu
Maui
Hawaii
Loihi
• Hot spot moves or plates move over hot spot
• Volcanoes build to surface then erode or subside
• Current islands arose after previous islands were
already submerged
• Exceedingly limited island hopping
2
7.5 Million Years Ago
22°
20°
Gardner Pinnacles
La Perouse Pinnacles
Necker
Nihoa
18°
160°
158°
156°
154°
3
5 Million Years Ago
22°
Necker
Nihoa
20°
Kauai
Kaula Nihau
18°
160°
158°
156°
154°
4
2.5 Million Years Ago
22°
Nihoa
Kauai
20°
Kaula
Oahu
Nihau
18°
160°
158°
156°
154°
5
1 Million Years Ago
22°
Nihoa
Kauai
20°
Oahu
Nihau
Kaula
Maui
18°
160°
158°
156°
154°
6
0.5 Million Years Ago
22°
Nihoa
Kauai
Kaula
Nihau
Oahu
Maui
20°
Mahukona
18°
160°
158°
156°
154°
7
Present
Kauai
22°
Nihau
Kaula
Oahu
Molokai
Maui
Lanai
Kahoolawe
Hawaii
20°
Loihi Seamount
18°
160°
158°
156°
154°
8
Island Development
•
•
•
•
•
Island Appears
Colonized by Plants
Biota Establishes
Biota Stabilizes
Island Moves Away
from Hot Spot
• Waif Founders Lack
Competition
• Speciation: Adaptive
Radiation to fill empty
niches
• Endemic Species
• Sequence of Islands
should reflect patterns
of speciation
• Endemics found on
just one island, one
volcano
• Humans (about 10
BC)
• Introduced Exotic
Species
• Endemics Poor
Competitors…Extinct
9
Endemic Terrestrial Species
Taxon/Character
Kauai to Hawaii
Nihoa to Kure
Insects
2,300
50
Land Snails
1,000
8
Land Birds
70
4
Ferns and Allies
120
0
Flowering Plants
850
12
16,576
8
38
1
Area (km2)
Endemics/10 km2
10
Cladistic Analysis
• 1960s Development of Cladistic Analysis
– Determines Possible Pathways of Evolution
• Characters and Polarized Character States
– Anatomy, Morphology, Behavior, Chemical, Gene
Sequence
– Plesiomorphies-Ancestral character states
– Apomorphies-Derived character states
• Construction of Cladogram-computers!
– Reveal homoplasies (parallel, convergent), reversals
– Most-parsimonious (fewest steps) cladogram
– Not necessarily unique!
11
Asian
OG
Oahu
Kauai
Character: Apomorphic Stat
e
1 Eye size:
Large
3 Neck width:
4 Body width:
5 Body color:
6 Wing width:
7 Wing length:
8 Leg length:
9 Leg thickness:
10 Stinger length:
Maui
B
A
2 Eye color:
Hawaii
Black
Wide
Wide
Dark
Wide
Long
Long
Thick
Long
Kauai
C
T axon: OG
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
E
D
A
B
C
D
E
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
E
2
1
1
3
2
5
1
2
3
5
B
A D C
-- 2
-- 7 -- 3 -- 8
-- 5
-- 1
OG
-- 9
-- 4
-- 10
-- 6
12
Area cladogram showing progression process
Asia
OG
Kauai
E
Oahu
Maui
Hawaii
B
A
D
C
autapomorphies
-- 2 black eye
-- 7 long wing -- 3 wide neck
-- 8 long leg
-- 5 dark body
-- 1 large eye
-- 9 thick leg
-- 4 wide body apomorphies
-- 6 wide wing
-- 10 long stinger
plesiomorphies
13
Island-Hopping Crickets!
Island
Nihoa
Kauai
Oahu
Molokai
Maui
Lanai
Hawaii
Caconemobius
Leptogryllus
Thaumatogryllus
Prognatho
-gryllus
Trigonidium
Prolaupala
Laupala
1
2
1
2
2
1
6
0
3
7
5
7
1
5
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
16
13
0
4
0
3
0
27
34
13
30
4
27
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
7
11
1
8
1
7
14
Island Hopping Crickets
Hawaii
Island Formation
Migration
Time
Oahu
Kauai
Maui
Prognathogryllus
Equivocal
mauka
puna
spadix
kohala
weli
waikemoi
kipahulu
kukui
hana
stridulans
makai
alternatus
alapa
opua
kahea
awili
oahuensis
elongatus
epimeces
hypomacron
kahili
parakahili
alatus
flavidus
hea
robustus
pihea
victoriae
15
http://www.wam.umd.edu/~fergusd/Laup3.jpg
More Island Hopping Crickets
Hawaii
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Island Formation
Migration
Time
Equivocal
Maui
Oahu
Kauai
Laupala
pruna
cerasina
kona
hualalai
fugax
paranigra
kohalaensis
kolea
nigra
prosea
eukolea
vespertina
pacifica
tantalus
hapapa
kokeensis
keahua
16
Amazing Fruit Flies!
•
•
•
•
•
511 of 2,300 endemic insects are drosophiloids
DNA sequences show 10 MYBP arrived Necker
Necker has subsided and lost habitat…now n=0
All 511 endemic species are a single clade!
Analyzed by morphology, karyotype, molecular
analysis
Drosophila sproati
http://www.msu.edu/~taylo110/DSproati.JPG
17
Drosophilid Comparisons
15
16
Continental
8
9
Numbers of
mtDNA base
transitions
Purine AG
Pyrimidine CT
Outgroups
7
8
6
16
7
6
9
10
10
7
7
7
10
Hawaiian
11
11
38
16
8
14
11
13
10
D. melanogaster
D. robusta
D. melanica
D. funebris
D. pinicola
D. imigrans
D. repleta
E. crassifemur
S. exigua
D. mimica
D. sproati
Zaprionus
Chymomyza
Hirtodrosophila
Scaptodrosophila
Proper cladograms have branch length correlated to number of steps
18
Primitive Phylogram of Drosophiloids
bostrycha
chromosomal
recticilia
changes
musaphilia
gradata
disjuncta
affinidisjuncta
planitibia
differens
hemipeza
hanaulae
oahuensis
hawaiiensis
silvestris
grimshawl
spectabilis
heteroneura
cyrtoloma
picticornis
neoperkinsi
neopicta
nigribasis
obscuripes
melanocephala
mimica
adiastola
setosimentum
peniculipedis
clavisetae
cilifera
arcuatus
longiseta
adunca
yooni cognata
tanythrix
19
Drosophilid Area Cladogram
Just as observed
among crickets,
these fruit flies
radiate in ways
that correlate with
the biogeography
of the Hawaiian
Islands
Continental
Oahu
Molokai
West Maui
East Maui 1
East Maui 2
Hawaii Kona
Hawaii Hilo
20
Tetragnatha
1
T. kauaiensis
4
3
5
T. pilosa
6
T. perreirai
T. tantalus
4
T. kamakou
2
T. kamakou
3
1
T. waikamoi
T. quasimodo
4
3
4
2
2
T. quasimodo
6
3
T. quasimodo
3
4
T. polychromata
3
1
1
T. quasimodo
T. restricta
6
T. macracantha
2
3
4
1
T. restricta
1
http://www.entomology.cornell.edu/Faculty_Staff/Blackledge/tetragnatha.JP
Spiders Spinning Southeast!
4
N
T. brevignatha
T. brevignatha
3
4
T. stelarobusta
T. pallescens
21
http://www.state.hi.us/dlnr/mfbp/images/akohekohe.jpg
Honeycreepers
of
Hawaii
Vestiaria coccinea
http://www.stanford.edu/~petelat1/ani5.jpg
Hemignathus virens
Telespiza cantans
http://www.uatuahine.hawaii.edu/hana/NaManu/iiwi/iiwi.jpeg
Vestiaria coccinea
Extreme isolation
limits vertebrate
fauna
No native amphibians
No native reptiles
Hemignathus parvus
http://www.stanford.edu/~petelat1/hcreepr1.jpg
http://www.oahunaturetours.com/image
s/laysanfinch.jpg
Palmeria dolei
1 mammal (bat)
1 bird established and
radiated into 33 extant
and 14 extinct species!
Oreomystis bairdi
22
Honeycreeper Cladogram
9
10
15
mtDNA RFLP
6
7
7
7
11
11
8
6
19
11
11
17
8
23
11
19
29
33
26
37
Loxops caeruleirostris
Loxops coccineus
Hemignathus virens virens
Hemignathus virens wilsoni
Hemignathus virens steinegeri
Palmeria dolei
Himatione sanguinea
Vestiaria coccinea
Hemignathus parvus
Oreomystis bairdi
Telespiza cantans
Paroreomyza montana
Carpodacus mexicanus OG
Is this a phylogram, a cladogram, or an area cladogram?
23
How about Plants? Hibiscadelphus
Hibiscadelphus distans
distans Kauai
wilderianus Maui
crucibracteatus Lanai
giffardianus Hawaii
hualalaiensis Hawaii
bombycinus Hawaii
adaptive radiation
The phylogram is also an area
cladogram showing the positive
correlation between evolution
and oceanic island biogeography.
Photo Source: Unknown…If yours, please send email to [email protected]
24
http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/good-bad/images/iliau.jpg
http://biology.usgs.gov/s+t/lrgimage/t172w01.jpg
Silverswords
Kauai-11 endemic
Oahu-2 endemic
Wilkesia gymnoxiphium
Dubautia paleata
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Maui Nui-7 endemic
Argyroxiphium
sandwicense
Hawaii-3 endemic
N
Plus 5 indigenous species
http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/images/dpal_chl.jpg
25
Silversword Origins
•
•
•
•
•
•
Closest relatives are California tarweeds
3,900 km open ocean crossing
Fruits too thin-walled to survive bird gut
Fruits do not float in sea water
Fruits too heavy to float on wind
Hairy and sticky sepals suggest bird
attachment
• Preened off on Kauai, then radiated and
migrated
26
Silversword Cladogram (simplified)
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Tarweed (California USA) OG
Dubautia paleata Kauai
Dubautia waialealae Kauai
Dubautia laxa indigenous
Wilkesia gymnoxiphium Kauai
Wilkesia hobdyi Kauai
Argyroxiphium caliginis Maui
Argyroxiphium grayanum Maui
Argyroxiphium virescens Maui
Argyroxiphium sanwicense M&H
Argyroxiphium kauense Hawaii
http://www.calflora.net/bloomingplants/images/redrocktarweed4.jpg
27
http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/fac
ulty/carr/images/ger_arb.jpg
Not all cladograms
tell the same story!
http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty
/carr/images/ger_cun_cu.jpg
Geranium cuneatum
Geranium arboreum
Geranium (pandemic) OG
arboreum E. Maui subalpine
multiflorum E. Maui subalpine
cuneatum Hawaii sub-alpine
tridens E. Maui alpine
hanaense E. Maui bog
humile W. Maui bog http://www.botany.hawaii.edu
kauaiense Kauai bog /faculty/carr/images/ger_han_
cu.jpg
Geranium colonized
“late” E. Maui and
radiated and migrated,
speciating most recently
on Kauai with ecological
correlations!
28
Geranium hanaense
http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/images/tet_hum.jpg
Tetramolopium colonized
humile E. Maui
“late” E. Maui and
capillare W. Maui
radiated and migrated
remyi W. Maui, Lanai to the other islands
rockii Molokai
sylvae Molokai, Maui
tenerrimum Oahu
arenarium E. Maui
consanguineum Hawaii
conyzoides Maui Nui, Hawaii
lepidolum E. Maui, Lanai, Oahu
Not all cladograms
tell the same story!
Tetramolopium humile
29
30
Biotic Factors
• Symbioses (living together)
– Mutualism: zooxanthellae/corals/forams
– Commensalism: bromeliads on trees
– Parasitism: epiphytic woevine on shrubs
• Competitors: Epiphytes, Allelopathy, Exotics
• Herbivory
• Pollination, Seed Dispersal
– Partners required for reproduction
31
Abiotic Factors
• Light-wavelength (color), amplitude (intensity)
–
–
–
–
–
Water absorbs low energy wavelengths…leaving blue
Turbidity (milkiness) vs Turbulence (mixing)
Chlorophyll (purple, blue, yellow, red)
Carotenoids (green)
Phycobilins (green to red) depending on type/depth
• Gas Availability (N2=78%, O2=21%, CO2<1%)
– Oxygen poisons photosynthesis (photorespiration)
– CO2 highly soluble in water, O2 virtually insoluble
– Most algae are C3, many terrestrials C4 or CAM
32
Abiotic Factors
• Temperature-plants are essentially poikilotherms
– Water in tidepools rises rapidly
• Eurythermal = wide tolerance, Stenothermal = narrow tolerance
–
–
–
–
Dunes heat unless leaves shade them or burrow deeply
Ice damage, frost, heat shock
Large body size: thermal insulation vs heat load
Surface:Volume ratio (Neither Fucus nor Ascophyllum here!)
• Desiccation: evaporation, osmotic stress
– Saccate thallus (Colpomenia or Valonia)
– Mucilaginous sheath, Waxy Cuticle, Hairy Epidermis
33
Abiotic Factors
• Salinity: osmotic stress, Na+ or Cl- toxicity
– Salinity in small tidepools rises with evaporation
– Salinity in small tidepools falls with rainfall
• Euryhaline = wide tolerance, Stenohaline = narrow tolerance
– Halophytes
•
•
•
•
Exudation: Avicennia via hydathodes (salt glands)
Exclusion: Rhizophora ion pumps keep salt out
Shedding: Spartina, annual dicots, leaves abscise taking salt out
Acclimitization: mannitol, sucrose, betaine, etc.
• Soil Minerals
– Oligotrophic Waters are Depauperate in Minerals (N, P, Fe)
– Eutrophic Estuarine waters: Algal Blooms
34
Abiotic Factors
• Surge Stress, Drag Stress, Shear Stress
– Turbulence in Rocky Intertidal
– Scouring in Sandy Intertidal
• Euryhaline = wide tolerance, Stenohaline = narrow tolerance
– Benefits
•
•
•
•
Predator Restriction
Parasite Removal
Equalize Salinity and Temperature
Adds CO2 for photosynthesis, but also adds O2
– Rhodoliths in deep waters…detached coralline red algae
– Phytoplankton in Photic Zone of open ocean only 5000 spp!
Greater diversity and abundance in Estuarine waters
35