Transcript Landbouw in het landelijk gebied MilieuBalans 2003

Soil contamination in the Netherlands
EIONET workshop, Barcelona, May 2003
Aaldrik Tiktak – Environmental Assessment Agency
Outline
• Point source contamination
– Cleary defined sources
– Mining, industrial facilities, landfills
• Diffuse pollution
– Mainly from agricultural sources
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Contamination by Point-Sources
• 200,000 sites known to exist, which is more
than in any other EU country
– High population density
– Intensive soil use
– Different perspective due to public awereness after
‘Lekkerkerk’ 1980
• Estimated costs for clean-up higher than in
any other EU country
– NL:
– UK:
– B:
35 billion EUR
25 billion EUR
6 billion EUR
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Clean-up costs of contaminated sites
Estimated total clean-up costs for soil contamination
0
5
10
15
20
25
in thousands of millions EUROS
30
35
40
Netherlands
UK
Belgium-Flanders
Sweden
Switzerland
Germany-Bavaria
Austria
Denmark
Finland
Spain
Italy
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Original ambition in the Netherlands
• Clean-up all contaminated sites to minimal
residual values
• Multifunctional land-use
• All should be done within one generation
• Expensive!
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BEVER reconsideration
• Clean-up to realistic values related to the
current use of the soil, instead of multifunctional
use
• Decentralization of the controlling action to the
provincial and municipal level
• Joint funding of soil clean-up from all parties of
interest (75% funded by private parties)
• Historical seriously contaminated sites to be
under control before 2023
• New contamination (after 1987) to be restored
immediately
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Monitoring of point scale contamination
• In 2004 an inventory of contaminated sites must
be ready
– Helps to define the total workload
– Allows for better planning of the coming actions
• Progress of the remediation is monitored
independently
–
–
–
–
–
Annual progress reports
Size, grade of pollution and priority for remediation
Position in an area (dynamic or static developments)
Size and remidiation goals
Destination of soil and costs
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Overview of data to be monitored
Monitoring Soil Remediation
Survey of
workload of
suspected
sites
Nr of sites
Grade of
contamination
Expected
costs
Progress of
investigations
Progress of
remediation
Nr of sites
Nr of sites
Grade of
contamination
Surface and
volume
Priority for
remediation
Completely
remediated
Static or
dynamic site
Partly
remediated
Results of
remediation
Nr of sites
Remediation
goal realized
Destination of
soil released
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Use of
management
instruments
Annual
spendings
Average
spendings per
site
Co-funding
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Policy adopted: only 52% multifunctional
Remediation goals 2001
(on basis of the number of sites)
Combination (a)+(b)
7%
Underground: Stable
situation (b)
4%
Everlasting care
4%
Not classified
10%
Topsoil: Soil use value
(a)
23%
Total of 1097 sites
Multifunctional
52%
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But government is still largest investor
Distribution of costs of soil surveys and remediation
Private partiesadditional estimation
24%
Private parties registrated
13%
Estimated total costs
354 million EUROS
Government
59%
City renewal program
4%
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Conclusions point-scale pollution
• 560 new cases detected
– But only 15% remediated
• Total number of 8500 sites remediated
– 50% multifunctional
– 35% functional
– Speed of remediation has not increased
• Government spent 50% of the total 5 billion EUR
– Below target of 75%
• With current speed, targets will not be met by 2023
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Diffuse Pollution
• Large areas of land involved
– Remediation not possible
– Prevent at the source
• Agriculture is the most important actor!
• Diffuse pollution is usually also NPS pollution
• Major pollutants
–
–
–
–
Nutrients (N and P)
Heavy metals (primarily Cd, Zn, Cu and Pb)
Pesticides
Persistent Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)
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Diffuse pollution in NL
Heavy metal contents are usually below the target value.
However, accumulation is still going on.
Values of persistent
pesticides like DDT, HCB
and Drins above target
value. Not admitted
anymore.
Acidification and
eutrophication of
nature in. Slight
improvement.
Pesticides in
groundwater???
70% of land area Psaturated. No
improvement.
PAHs above target
value in SW NL
N in groundwater under
sandy soils >> 50 mg/L.
Decreasing slightly.
High heavy metal
contents in SE NL and
peat areas due to
historic sources
Heavy metals in
groundwater above target
values in SE NL; above
intervention value under
forest.
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National
Soil Quality
Monitoring
Network (LMB)
•
200 locations
•
Agriculture
and nature
•
Once per 5
years
•
Soil and
upper
groundwater
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Sampling soil quality
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Sampling groundwater quality
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Example 1: Heavy metals in agricultural soils
Percentage of samples
above target value
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Example 2: Nitrate in the groundwater
Nitrate in the groundwater (2000)
(5-15 m)
% of samples with a
concentration > 50 mg/L
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Example: The eutrophication problem
• The Netherlands has a serious eutrophication
problem
Number of livestock per hectare
Livestock per hectare
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Dutch and European legislation
• EU Nitrate directive:
–
–
–
–
Prescribes both the target and the measure
Concentration in the groundwater should be 50 mg/L
Surface water quality should be good
Maximum application of N in manure is 170 kg/ha
• Dutch Nutrient Law (MW) implemented in 1996:
– MINAS: Maximum loss rates instead of maximum
application rates
– Soil and crop dependent
– Implemented at the farm level
– Inforced by penalties (levies)
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N surplus decreases...
N surplus in dairy farms
Clay
Peat
Other sand
Dry sand
170 kg/ha
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But nitrate in groundwater under sandy soils is
still too high...
Nitrate in the shallow groundwater
Measured
Sand
Clay
Peat
Corrected value
Sand
Corrected for fluctuations in precipitation and groundwater level
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Phosphate saturation
• 75% of Dutch sandy soils are phosphate saturated
• Current loss rate enforced (20 kg/ha) still leads to
accumulation
• Further reduction to 1 kg/ha foreseen in 2030
• Manure surplus increases
– Alternative processing
– Export
– Reduction of lifestock
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Waterframe directive
• To be implemented in
national policy in 2003
• Good chemical and
ecological quality
– Nutrients
– Toxic substances
• Targets must be met in 2015
• Social consequences....
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Consequences of agri-environmental plans
Volume change 1990 - 2002
Dairy farms
Pig farms
Cows per farm
Pigs per farm
Production
Added value
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Additional measures required:
• Reform of Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) gives
opportunities
– More money for Rural Development Plans
– Possibilities to use EU budget for national ambitions
– Funding of overall farm management systems (such as
organic farming)
– Set-aside of agricultural sector; avoid agriculture in
sensitive areas.
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Common Agricultural Policy
Rural development plans
Income support related to hectares
Support to agricultural prices
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Organic agriculture is still a small market
Organic agriculture in European countries
Area in 2002
Consumption in 2002
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Conclusions diffuse pollution
• Diffuse contamination widespread due to
agricultural sources
• Avoid agriculture in specific areas
• Transition of agriculture necessary to reach targets
–
–
–
–
Extensification of existing agriculture
Good Farming Practice
New production methods such as organic farming
Multi-functional use of agricultural soils (recreation, ‘green
services’)
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Recommendation for working group
• Consider both diffuse and point source
contamination
• Tackling the diffuse pollution problem is not
possible without transition towards sustainable
agriculture
– Investigate socio-economic consequences
– Investigate alternatives (organic farming, green services,
…)
– Investigate where agriculture is possible at low
environmental costs
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